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We aimed to explore the heterogeneity of schema therapy regarding (a) patient characteristics, (b) content, and (c) way of delivering schema therapy. A search was conducted of the electronic databases EMBASE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and COCHRANE up to June 15, 2022. Treatment studies were eligible if they (a) used schema therapy as (component of) the intervention examined, and (b) reported an outcome measure quantitatively. A total of 101 studies met the inclusion criteria, including randomized controlled trials ( = 30), non-randomized controlled trials ( = 8), pre-post designs ( = 22), cases series ( = 13), and case reports = 28), including 4006 patients. Good feasibility was consistently reported irrespective of format (group versus individual), setting (outpatient, day-treatment, inpatient), intensity of treatment, and the specific therapeutic components included. Schema therapy was applied to various (psychiatric) disorders. All studies presented promising results. Effectiveness of the different models of schema therapy as well as application beyond personality disorders should be examined more rigorously.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2023.37.2.262 | DOI Listing |
J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry
August 2025
Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, the Netherlands.
This study explored the relationships between dissociative experiences, childhood trauma, maladaptive schemas, schema modes, and schema coping in a nonclinical sample. Three theoretical models were tested: (1) dissociative experiences resulting from schema mode activation, (2) dissociative experiences as an innate trait shaping schema coping, and (3) dissociative experiences arising from childhood trauma that influence coping strategies. Data from 401 Dutch psychology students were analyzed using path analyses to compare model fit.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTrials
September 2025
Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark.
Background: "Difficult-to-treat" depression - here operationalized as either chronic or treatment-resistant depression - encompasses about one third of all patients with depression. Despite its considerable size, the patient group is understudied, and evidence-based psychotherapeutic treatment options are currently limited. The DEPRE-ST trial therefore seeks to investigate beneficial and harmful effects of schema therapy for difficult-to-treat depression.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJMIR Form Res
August 2025
Research Centre for Substance Use Disorders and Mental Health Disorders (ROP-Forsk), Innlandet Hospital Trust, Erik Werenskiolds veg 3, Hamar, Norway, 47 99428096.
Background: Concurrent mental health and substance use disorders (MHD/SUD) are one of the most prominent public health problems as of today, and the worldwide prevalence of MHD/SUD is currently increasing. Modern virtual reality technology may provide easy, unlimited, and safe access to social experiences and interactions that hold the potential to promote individuals' new learning for the benefit of their social participation and recovery. However, the clinical adoption of virtual reality-based interventions (VRIs) is still in its infancy.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPsychol Psychother
August 2025
School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia.
Objectives: Research consistently reports an association between auditory hallucinations and traumatic experiences, yet the psychological mechanisms underpinning this relationship remain poorly understood. Empirical evidence suggests that enduring dispositions, including early maladaptive schemas, interact with immediate stressors to elicit auditory hallucinations. The inner critic represents the activation of such enduring dispositions and concurs with common themes in auditory hallucinations.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCase Rep Psychiatry
August 2025
Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan.
This case study examined the long-term course and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE) and nuclear disaster. Specifically, this study investigated the role of early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) and coping modes in symptom persistence, the interplay between physical health issues and PTSD symptoms, and the efficacy of a staged treatment approach. We present a 12-year longitudinal case study of a woman with delayed-onset PTSD.
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