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CONSTANS (CO) is a central regulator of floral initiation in response to photoperiod. In this study, we show that the GSK3 kinase BIN2 physically interacts with CO and the gain-of-function mutant displays late flowering phenotype through down-regulation of transcription. Genetic analyses show that BIN2 genetically acts upstream of CO in regulating flowering time. Further, we illustrate that BIN2 phosphorylates the Thr280 residue of CO. Importantly, the BIN2 phosphorylation of Thr280 residue restricts the function of CO in promoting flowering through affecting its DNA-binding activity. Moreover, we reveal that the N-terminal part of CO harboring the B-Box domain mediates the interaction of both CO-CO and BIN2-CO. We find that BIN2 inhibits the formation of CO dimer/oligomer. Taken together, this study reveals that BIN2 regulates flowering time through phosphorylating the Thr280 of CO and inhibiting the CO-CO interaction in .
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1068949 | DOI Listing |
J Integr Plant Biol
August 2025
State Key Laboratory of Genetics and Development of Complex Phenotypes, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
The pollen exine serves as a protective barrier and signaling interface essential for male fertility in flowering plants. Its precise patterning depends on coordinated interactions between microspores and tapetal cells. While the CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-related 19 (CLE19) peptide has been identified as a microspore-derived "brake" that restricts tapetal activity to maintain exine developmental homeostasis, how CLE19 integrates with hormonal signaling pathways remains poorly understood.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPlant Biotechnol J
August 2025
State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China.
Protein phosphorylation plays a pivotal role in cellular signal transduction and plant development. The plant steroid hormone Brassinosteroids (BRs) signal transduction relies primarily on protein kinase-mediated phosphorylation cascades. However, the specific mechanisms of phosphorylation regulation in BR signalling remain to be fully elucidated.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMol Plant
September 2025
The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Precision Molecular Crop Design and Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China. Electronic address:
The balance between stem cell division and differentiation is crucial for flexible organ development. In Arabidopsis leaves, the fate of meristemoids, which exhibit stem cell characteristics, is tightly regulated by multiple intrinsic developmental signals and environmental factors. KIN10, the catalytic subunit of the sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) complex, has been shown to preferentially localize in the nucleus of meristemoids, where it phosphorylates and stabilizes the SPEECHLESS transcription factor, thereby promoting stomatal development.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInt J Mol Sci
May 2025
State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are essential phytohormones that orchestrate various stages of plant growth and development. The BR signaling cascade is mediated through a phosphorylation network involving sequential activation of the plasma membrane-localized receptor kinase Brassinosteroid-Insensitive 1 (BRI1), the cytoplasmic kinase Brassinosteroid-Insensitive 2 (BIN2), and the transcription factors BRI1-EMS suppressor 1 (BES1) and Brassinazole-Resistant 1 (BZR1). These transcription factors activate thousands of nuclear genes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPlant Biotechnol J
July 2025
State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
Heat stress is a major factor limiting crop yield, a challenge intensified by climate change. Initial findings indicate that BES1/BZR1 may use heat shock to regulate plant thermal adaptability independently of BIN2-mediated brassinosteroid signalling, although the exact molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we identified TaBZR2, a wheat gene whose expression showed a strong positive correlation with heat stress tolerance, based on transcriptome analysis of heat-tolerant wheat cultivars.
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