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Herein, we report on the further chemical optimization of the first reported mGlu positive allosteric modulator (PAM), VU6027459. Replacement of the quinoline core by a cinnoline scaffold increased mGlu PAM potency by ∼ 10-fold, and concomitant introduction of a chiral tricyclic motif led to potent mGlu PAMs with enantioselective mGlu receptor selectivity profiles. Of these, VU6046980 emerged as a putative in vivo tool compound with excellent CNS penetration (K = 4.1; K = 0.7) and efficacy in preclinical models. However, either off-target activity at the sigma-1 receptor or activity at a target not elucidated by large ancillary pharmacology panels led to sedation not driven by activation of mGlu (validated in Grm7 knockout mice). Thus, despite a significant advance, a viable mGlu PAM in vivo tool remains elusive.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.129106 | DOI Listing |
Protein Sci
September 2025
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China.
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors play a crucial role in synaptic transmission through homodimeric or heterodimeric assemblies. Despite their dimeric nature, only one subunit within the mGlu dimer engages with G proteins during activation, and the biased activation can be further controlled by allosteric modulators. Considering the related molecular mechanisms remain elusive, we employed Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (GaMD) simulations to investigate the regulated mechanisms in mGlu-mGlu heterodimers.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEur J Pharmacol
August 2025
Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada. Electronic address: philippe.huot@
AZD8529 is a highly selective metabotropic glutamate 2 (mGlu) receptor positive allosteric modulator (PAM) that has undergone clinical trials for schizophrenia and smoking cessation. Previously, we demonstrated that the selective mGlu receptor PAMs LY-487,379, CBiPES, and biphenylindanone A (BINA) alleviated L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)-induced dyskinesia and psychosis-like behaviours (PLBs) in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned marmoset model of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, these drugs are not clinical candidates because of their pharmacological properties, contrary to AZD8529 which could be repurposed if pre-clinically efficacious.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFACS Chem Neurosci
August 2025
Department of Pharmacology and Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.
The group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu receptors) are predominantly expressed presynaptically throughout the central nervous system (CNS) where they regulate the release of glutamate and GABA. These receptors have recently been shown to be anchored by transsynaptic expression of the laminin proteins ELFN1 and ELFN2. In particular, the mGlu receptor is localized at presynaptic active zones from pyramidal cells to somatostatin-containing interneurons with postsynaptic ELFN1, and this interaction drives the rapidly facilitating nature of these synapses in the hippocampus and cortex.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBiochem Pharmacol
October 2025
IGF, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34094 Montpellier, France. Electronic address:
The metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu) is widely expressed in the brain, where it plays an important role in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory, making it a therapeutic target of interest in various neurological disorders. In this study, we developed a photoswitchable positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of the mGlu, as a novel tool for this clinically relevant drug target. To that aim, we used an azologisation strategy of the mGlu PAM agonist VU0424465 leading to the molecule azoglurax.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPharmacol Rep
June 2025
Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, Kraków, 31-343, Poland.
Background: Schizophrenia is a mental disorder with multifactorial etiology including positive, negative and cognitive symptoms. Nitric oxide (NO֗)-related biochemical pathways significantly contribute to the disease's pathophysiology and subsequent antipsychotic treatment. Recently, metabotropic glutamatergic (mGlu) or muscarinic (M) receptors have been considered as potent antipsychotics with the potential to reverse cognitive symptoms.
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