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Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is an essential regulatory mechanism for gene expression. The next generation sequencing provides ample opportunity to precisely delineate APA sites genome-wide. Various methods for profiling transcriptome-wide poly(A) sites were developed. By comparing available methods, the ways for adding sequencing adaptors to fit with the Illumina sequencing platform are different. These methods have identified more than 50% genes that undergo APA in eukaryotes. However, due to the unbalanced PCR during library preparation, accurate quantification of poly(A) sites is still a challenge. Here, we describe an updated poly(A) tag sequencing method that incorporates unique molecular identifier (UMI) into the adaptor for removing quantification bias induced by PCR duplicates. Hence, quantification of poly(A) site usages can be achieved by counting UMIs. This protocol, quantifying poly(A) tag sequencing (QPAT-seq), can be finished in 1 day with reduced cost, and is particularly useful for application with a large number of samples.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.mie.2021.04.002 | DOI Listing |
Gigascience
January 2025
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
Polyadenylation is a dynamic process that is important in cellular physiology, which has implications in messenger RNA decay rates, translation efficiency, and isoform-specific regulation. Oxford Nanopore Technologies direct RNA sequencing provides a strategy for sequencing the full-length RNA molecule and analysis of the transcriptome. Several tools are currently available for poly(A) tail length estimation, including well-established methods like tailfindr and nanopolish, as well as more recent deep learning models like Dorado.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBio Protoc
June 2025
Cell Fate and Gene Regulation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
-methyladenosine (m6A) is an abundant internal mRNA modification with roles in regulating cellular and organismal physiology, including development, differentiation, and disease. The deposition of m6A is highly regulated, with various m6A levels across different environmental conditions, cellular states, and cell types. Available methods for measuring bulk m6A levels are often time-consuming, have low throughput, and/or require specialized instrumentation or data analyses.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTrends Genet
June 2025
Department of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering, Indiana University Indianapolis (IUI), Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Medical Research and Library Building, 975
Investigating RNA dynamics is crucial for uncovering fundamental mechanisms, such as alternative splicing, RNA stability, and post-transcriptional modifications, all processes with implications for identifying therapeutic targets and advancing knowledge of cellular function and regulation. Advances in long-read sequencing technologies, particularly from Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) and Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT), offer unprecedented insights into RNA dynamics at single molecule and single nucleotide resolutions. In this review, we examine protocols and methods for analyzing RNA dynamics, focusing on isoform detection, poly(A) tail length quantification, and mapping of RNA modifications.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFVaccine
August 2025
InDevR Inc., 6035 Longbow Drive, Suite 102, Boulder, CO 80301, United States of America. Electronic address:
The rapid development of mRNA vaccines since the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the potential of mRNA technology for vaccine and therapeutic applications. However, evaluating mRNA quality, including its integrity, 5' capping efficiency, and 3' poly(A) tailing, remains complex and challenging. Current analytical methods provide detailed insights, but are often limited by long analysis times, complex sample preparation, and the need for specialized expertise.
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May 2025
National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.
A covalently closed loop structure provides circular RNA (circRNA) with more stability than conventional RNAs in linear form, making circRNA an emerging tool in RNA therapeutics. The qualification and quantification of circRNA after production is critical for its design and effectiveness assessments, particularly when the following applications could be affected by byproduct RNAs. Despite PCR-based methods effectively detecting low-abundance circRNA, they are unsuitable for assessing uncircularized RNA in a mass production fraction to maintain quality control.
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