Loss-Based Attention for Interpreting Image-Level Prediction of Convolutional Neural Networks.

Although deep neural networks have achieved great success on numerous large-scale tasks, poor interpretability is still a notorious obstacle for practical applications. In this paper, we propose a novel and general attention mechanism, loss-based attention, upon which we modify deep neural networks to mine significant image patches for explaining which parts determine the image decision-making. This is inspired by the fact that some patches contain significant objects or their parts for image-level decision. Unlike previous attention mechanisms that adopt different layers and parameters to learn weights and image prediction, the proposed loss-based attention mechanism mines significant patches by utilizing the same parameters to learn patch weights and logits (class vectors), and image prediction simultaneously, so as to connect the attention mechanism with the loss function for boosting the patch precision and recall. Additionally, different from previous popular networks that utilize max-pooling or stride operations in convolutional layers without considering the spatial relationship of features, the modified deep architectures first remove them to preserve the spatial relationship of image patches and greatly reduce their dependencies, and then add two convolutional or capsule layers to extract their features. With the learned patch weights, the image-level decision of the modified deep architectures is the weighted sum on patches. Extensive experiments on large-scale benchmark databases demonstrate that the proposed architectures can obtain better or competitive performance to state-of-the-art baseline networks with better interpretability. The source codes are available on: https://github.com/xsshi2015/Loss-based-Attention-for-Interpreting-Image-level-Prediction-of-Convolutional-Neural-Networks.