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Representative learning design proposes that a training task should represent informational constraints present within a competitive environment. To assess the level of representativeness of a training task, the frequency and interaction of constraints should be measured. This study compared constraint interactions and their frequencies in training (match simulations and small sided games) with competition environments in elite Australian football. The extent to which constraints influenced kick and handball effectiveness between competition matches, match simulations and small sided games was determined. The constraints of pressure and time in possession were assessed, alongside disposal effectiveness, through an association rule algorithm. These rules were then expanded to determine whether a disposal was influenced by the preceding disposal. Disposal type differed between training and competition environments, with match simulations yielding greater representativeness compared to small sided games. The subsequent disposal was generally more effective in small sided games compared to the match simulations and competition matches. These findings offer insight into the measurement of representative learning designs through the non-linear modelling of constraint interactions. The analytical techniques utilised may assist other practitioners with the design and monitoring of training tasks intended to facilitate skill transfer from preparation to competition.
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7703947 | PMC |
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0242336 | PLOS |
Pflugers Arch
September 2025
Department of Science, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
Hypoxia has been extensively studied as a stressor which pushes human bodily systems to responses and adaptations. Nevertheless, a few evidence exist onto constituent trains of motor unit action potential, despite recent advancements which allow to decompose surface electromyographic signals. This study aimed to investigate motor unit properties from noninvasive approaches during maximal isometric exercise in normobaric hypoxia.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMed Eng Phys
October 2025
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cape Town, 7701, South Africa; Centre for Research in Computational and Applied Mechanics (CERECAM), University of Cape Town, 7701, South Africa.
The usability and versatility of autoinjectors in managing chronic and autoimmune diseases have made them increasingly attractive in medicine. However, investigations into autoinjector designs require an understanding of the kinematic properties and fluid behaviour during injection. To optimise injection efficiency, this study develops a mathematical and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of an IM autoinjector by investigating the effects of viscosity, needle length, needle diameter, and medication volume on the injection process.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMed Eng Phys
October 2025
Ansys Inc., Houston, TX 77094, USA.
Introduction: Benchtop and animal models have traditionally been used to study the propagation of Onyx Liquid Embolic Systems (Onyx) used in the treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVM). However, such models are costly, do not provide sufficient detail to elucidate how variations in Onyx viscosity alter flow dynamics, and rely on some trial-and-error, resulting in elongated timelines for product development.
Objectives: The goal of this study was to leverage Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations to predict the behavior of different Onyx formulations.
Phys Med Biol
September 2025
Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus of Zhejiang University,Yuhangtang Road No.866,Zhejiang Province, China 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, CHINA.
Transcranial ultrasound research has garnered significant attention due to its non-invasive nature, absence of ionizing radiation, and portability, making it advantageous for both imaging and therapy. A critical aspect of advancing transcranial research lies in understanding the ultrasound transmission performance of the human skull. However, inherent variations in skull shape, physical parameters, and age-related changes pose challenges for comparative studies.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Exp Anal Behav
September 2025
Laboratorio de Análisis de la Conducta, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala.
Rules can control the listener's behavior, yet few studies have examined variables that quantitatively determine the extent of this control relative to other rules and contingencies. To explore these variables, we employed a novel procedure that required a choice between rules. Participants clicked two buttons on a computer screen to earn points exchangeable for money.
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