-Methylation of the Glycopeptidolipid Acyl Chain Defines Surface Hydrophobicity of and Macrophage Invasion.

, an emerging pathogen responsible for severe lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients, displays either smooth (S) or rough (R) morphotypes. The S-to-R transition is associated with reduced levels of glycopeptidolipid (GPL) production and is correlated with increased pathogenicity in animal and human hosts. While the structure of GPL is well established, its biosynthetic pathway is incomplete. In addition, the biological functions of the distinct structural parts of this complex lipid remain elusive. Herein, the gene encoding a putative -methyltransferase was deleted in the S variant. Subsequent biochemical and structural analyses demonstrated that methoxylation of the fatty acyl chain of GPL was abrogated in the mutant, and this defect was rescued upon complementation with a functional gene. In contrast, the introduction of derivatives mutated at residues essential for methyltransferase activity failed to complement GPL defects, indicating that encodes an -methyltransferase. Unexpectedly, phenotypic analyses showed that was more hydrophilic than its parental progenitor, as demonstrated by hexadecane-aqueous buffer partitioning and atomic force microscopy experiments with hydrophobic probes. Importantly, the invasion rate of THP-1 macrophages by was reduced by 50% when compared to the wild-type strain. Together, these results indicate that Fmt -methylates the lipid moiety of GPL and plays a substantial role in conditioning the surface hydrophobicity of as well as in the early steps of the interaction between the bacilli and macrophages.