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Although there are myriad binding modes of heterocumulenes to metal centers, the monometallic κ-ECE (E = O, S, NR) coordination mode has not been reported. Herein, the synthesis, isolation, and physical characterization of CpTi(κ-BuNCNBu) () (Cp = cyclopentadienyl, Bu = -butyl), a strained 4-membered metallacycle bearing a free carbene, is described. Computational (DFT, CASSCF, QT-AIM, ELF) and solid-state CP-MAS C NMR spectroscopic analysis indicate that is best described as a free carbene with partial Ti-C bonding that results from Ti-N π-bonding mixing with N-C-N σ-bonding of the bent N-C-N framework. Reactivity studies of corroborate its carbene-like nature: protonation with [LutH]I results in the formation of a Ti-formamidinate (), while oxidation with S yields a Ti-thioureate (). Additionally, a related bridged dititanamidocarbene, (CpTi)(μ-η,η-CyNCNCy) () (Cy = cyclohexyl) is reported. Taken together, this work suggests that the 2-electron reduction of heterocumulene moieties can allow access to unusual free carbene coordination geometries given the proper stabilizing coordination environment from the reducing transition metal fragment.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c02487 | DOI Listing |
Chem Soc Rev
September 2025
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (IRL3555), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA.
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) hold a unique significance in organometallic catalysis and are powerful organocatalysts for a variety of organic transformations involving crucial intermediates such as Breslow intermediates (BIs), deprotonated BIs (BI-s), ketyl radicals (KRs), and acyl azoliums (AAs). To address the remaining challenges facing reactions catalyzed by NHCs, non-classical stable carbenes, namely 1,2,3-triazolylidenes (MICs), cousins of NHCs, have shown great potential. MICs share similar features with typical NHCs but possess unique characteristics, such as enhanced σ-donor ability and absence of dimerization.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFChem Sci
August 2025
Department of Organic Chemisty, Faculty of Science, Charles University Hlavova 2030/8 128 00 Prague 2 Czech Republic
Chiral saddle-shaped molecules are an emerging class of compounds with significant potential in both materials science and medicinal chemistry. However, their broader application has been hindered by limited synthetic accessibility. Herein, we report a metal-free, organocatalytic protocol for the oxidative lactonization of readily available aldehydic derivatives, enabling the efficient synthesis of chiral saddle-shaped lactones.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFChem Commun (Camb)
September 2025
CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, 226031, India.
α-Diazo compounds have long been recognized as versatile reagents in organic synthesis, traditionally employed in metallocarbene chemistry. Recent advances have expanded their scope beyond conventional carbene-based transformations, leading to diverse applications in heterocycle synthesis and functionalization strategies. This review highlights the evolution of α-diazo compounds as key reagents in modern synthetic methodologies, focusing on their unique reactivity patterns, including cycloadditions, homologations, ring expansions, and carbene-free functionalizations.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Phys Chem A
September 2025
Institut für Organische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen 72076, Germany.
Carbenes are promising reagents for the transition metal-free activation of molecular hydrogen. Depending on their multiplicity and electron configuration, carbenes can access different hydrogenation reaction mechanisms, with singlet carbenes usually leading to geminal hydrogenation products a π-approach trajectory. Our group has recently prepared 1-iodopyridine-2-ylidene, , introducing a new class of singlet -heterocyclic carbenes featuring σ/σ* instead of the usually encountered σ/π frontier orbitals.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFChemSusChem
August 2025
Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada.
Despite considerable scientific advancements, there is an urgent need for sustainable, cost-effective, and efficient methods for chemically transforming CO into valuable chemicals. A stable heterogeneous platform is presented that incorporates four key innovations: 1) the first Tröger's base (TB) chemistry in solids via selective four-electron reductive functionalization of CO, 2) an effective heterogeneous organocatalyst for the chemoselective formylation of both NH and SH functionalities with CO, 3) a methodology for metal-free heterogeneous S-formylation of bioactive thiols, and 4) a direct covalent immobilization of CO-protected N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) on graphene oxide nanosheets (GONs). The CO-protected catalyst is developed by covalently attaching imidazole (Im) to GONs and functionalizing them with dimethyl carbonate.
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