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The biceps brachii myotendinous unit, particularly the long head of the biceps tendon and its labral attachment, is a common cause of shoulder and arm pain. Its complex anatomy and normal variations can present a challenge when interpreting MR images. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the proximal biceps anatomy, variants, pathology, and post-operative appearance as seen on MRI. Recent data regarding the accuracy of clinical examination and MRI will be summarized.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00256-020-03415-x | DOI Listing |
Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol
September 2025
Department of Orthopaedics, Jupiter Hospital, Thāne, India.
We aim to describe an approach for reducing the posteriorly dislocated humeral head through the rotator interval via a deltopectoral approach that is frequently utilized for internal fixation of proximal humerus fractures and fracture dislocations. The sheath of the long head of biceps (LHB) and the rotator interval capsule are opened till the glenoid; this enables access to the glenohumeral joint via the rotator interval. A long-handle Cobb elevator is introduced through the rotator interval and, under intraoperative imaging, advanced posteromedially to the dislocated humeral head.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Biomech
September 2025
Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan; Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan. Electronic address:
Understanding the mechanical behavior of the biceps femoris long head (BFlh) may be insightful due to its high susceptibility to strain injuries, particularly during high-speed running in sports, such as soccer and track and field. While prior research has focused on intrinsic muscle properties, emerging evidence suggests that the biceps femoris short head (BFsh) may influence BFlh tension. Thus, we examined the effects of BFsh load application on the tensile strength and regional shear modulus of the BFlh.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRadiol Case Rep
November 2025
Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St. New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
Hamstring injuries constitute up to 30% of lower-extremity pathology and are the leading cause of time lost from competition in elite athletes. Although hamstring injuries frequently involve the proximal or mid-substance regions, distal injuries are particularly uncommon and are therefore sparsely studied. Among these, biceps femoris tears predominate, whereas those of the semimembranosus and semitendinosus are less common.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Electromyogr Kinesiol
September 2025
Biomedical Engineering Program (COPPE), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Evidence on regional muscle excitation within hamstrings remains controversial, primarily because information derived solely from surface electromyograms (sEMG) amplitude does not necessarily provide an accurate estimate of neural drive to the muscle. To address this limitation, this study investigated whether there are proximodistal differences in motor unit properties of the biceps femoris long head during isometric hip extension and knee flexion tasks. Seventeen resistance-trained males performed isometric knee flexion and hip extension tasks at 20 % and 40 % of maximal voluntary contraction.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Am Acad Orthop Surg
August 2025
From the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX (Scanaliato) and the Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (Kerzner, Bach, and Garrigues).
An improved understanding of the complex biomechanics of the static and dynamic stabilizers of the shoulder has allowed for the evolution in diagnosing and treating shoulder pathology. The long head of the biceps brachii tendon (long head of the biceps tendon [LHBT]) is associated with various shoulder pathologies, including superior labrum from anterior to posterior tears, rotator cuff pathology, or even isolated biceps instability. Injuries to the LHBT can occur in both athlete and nonathlete populations.
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