Gene flow between subpopulations of gray snapper () from the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico.

Background: The gray snapper () has a tropical and subtropical distribution. In much of its range this species represents one of the most important fishery resources because of its high quality meat and market value. Due to this, this species is vulnerable to overfishing, and population declines have been observed in parts of its range. In recent decades, it has been established that knowing the level of genetic connectivity is useful for establishing appropriate management and conservation strategies given that genetic isolation can drive towards genetic loss. Presently the level of genetic connectivity between subpopulations of of the southern region of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea remains unknown.

Methods: In the present study we analyze genetic structure and diversity for seven subpopulations in the southern Gulf of Mexico and the Mexican Caribbean Sea. Eight microsatellite primers of phylogenetically closely related species to were selected.

Results: Total heterozygosity was 0.628 and 0.647 in the southern Gulf of Mexico and the Mexican Caribbean Sea, however, results obtained from AMOVA and indicated a lack of genetic difference between the major basins. We also found no association between genetic difference and geographic distance, and moderately high migration rates ( = > 4.1) suggesting ongoing gene flow among the subpopulations. Gene flow within the southern Gulf of Mexico appears to be stronger going from east-to-west.

Conclusions: Migration rates tended to be higher between subpopulations within the same basin compared to those across basins indicating some regionalization. High levels of genetic diversity and genetic flow suggest that the population is quite large; apparently, the fishing pressure has not caused a bottleneck effect.