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Milk is a highly nutritious food that contains an array of macro and micro components, scientifically proven to be beneficial to human health. While the composition of milk is influenced by a variety of factors, such as genetics, health, lactation stage etc., the animal's diet remains a key mechanism by which its nutrition and processing characteristics can be altered. Pasture feeding has been demonstrated to have a positive impact on the nutrient profile of milk, increasing the content of some beneficial nutrients such as Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, vaccenic acid, and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), while reducing the levels of Omega-6 fatty acids and palmitic acid. These resultant alterations to the nutritional profile of "Grass-Fed" milk resonate with consumers that desire healthy, "natural", and sustainable dairy products. This review provides a comprehensive comparison of the impact that pasture and non-pasture feeding systems have on bovine milk composition from a nutritional and functional (processability) perspective, highlighting factors that will be of interest to dairy farmers, processors, and consumers.
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6723057 | PMC |
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8080350 | DOI Listing |
Animal
July 2025
Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0811, Japan. Electronic address:
We previously reported that high nutrition early in life enhances the growth and intramuscular fat (IMF; i.e., marbling) content of grass-fattened beef cattle.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Nutr Biochem
June 2025
School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland; Food for Health Ireland (FHI), University College Dublin, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland. Electronic address:
Whole milk powder (WMP) produced from pasture-fed dairy herds has been shown to have increased concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids (FA), including, but not limited to, ALA (C18:3 n-3) and oleic acid (C18:1 cis-9), compared to WMP derived from indoor herds consuming total mixed ration (TMR). Dairy products have been shown to have neutral or beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health, however, evidence on WMP in this area is lacking. Given the global market for WMP as a food ingredient, an investigation into the effect of TMR-fed vs pasture-fed WMP on human health is warranted.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJDS Commun
May 2025
Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G2W1.
Triacylglycerol (TAG) hydrolysis yields free fatty acids (FFA) and ≥1.20 mmol FFA/100 g of milk fat in bulk tank milk is associated with off-flavor, rancidity, reduced foam stability, and inhibited cheese coagulation. The objective of this study was to compare milk FFA concentrations among conventional (CON), organic (ORG), and certified grass-fed (CGF) dairy farm types in Ontario (ON), Canada, and describe monthly and yearly FFA patterns.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Dairy Sci
May 2025
School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, T12 Y337, Ireland. Electronic address:
This study investigates the effect of varying proportions of pasture (high, medium, no-pasture) in the diet of cows and seasonality on the milk metabolome throughout lactation using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR) spectroscopy. This study explored the potential to differentiate milks from varying levels of pasture in the cow's diet and highlight potential biomarkers for authentication. A total of 54 spring calving cows were assigned to the 3 diet treatments for the duration of lactation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Dairy Sci
April 2025
Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523. Electronic address:
The objective of this study was to describe and compare the dynamics of milking behavior and milking performance during the first third of lactation of primiparous (PRI) and multiparous (MLT) Holstein (HO), Jersey (JE), and Holstein × Jersey crossbred (HJ) cows on a multibreed dairy farm with a batch milking system with automatic milking units. This retrospective observational study included information from 237,182 milking events in 790, 962, and 230 HO, JE, and HJ cows, respectively, from May 2023 to April 2024. The distribution of the 3 genetic groups in the herd was HO = 39.
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