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Two approaches for modeling of the transmembrane potential, as present in all eukaryotic cells, are examined in detail and compared with each other. One approach uses an externally applied electric field, whereas the other maintains an imbalance of ions on the two sides of a membrane. We demonstrate that both methods provide converged results concerning structural parameters of the membrane which are practically indistinguishable from each other, at least for monovalent ions. Effects of the electric field on the detailed molecular structure of the phospholipid bilayer are also presented and discussed. In addition, we achieve a considerable speed-up of the underlying molecular dynamics simulations by implementing the virtual interaction sites method for the Slipids force field.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jctc.5b01202 | DOI Listing |
Phys Rev Lett
August 2025
Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures and Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Nano Science, Nanjing, 210016, China.
Multistate ferroelectric polarization holds promise for realizing high-density nonvolatile memory devices, but so far is restricted to a few traditional ferroelectrics. Here, we show that nanoconfined two-dimensional (2D) ferroelectric ice can achieve phase-dependent multistate polarization through extensive classical and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. An in-plane electric field is found to induce the reversible transition between a low-polarization AA-stacked hexagonal ice phase and an unprecedented high-polarization AB-stacked ice phase, resulting in a four-state ferroelectric switching pathway.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Phys Chem A
September 2025
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States.
Ionic liquids (ILs) have been gaining increasing focus in a variety of applications including emerging electric-propulsion concepts. A quantitative understanding of how IL ions fragment during high-energy collisions with background gases is therefore essential for interpreting mass spectra, predicting ion lifetimes in plasma and vacuum environments, and designing IL-based technologies. This work uses molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with a reactive force field to numerically model the collision-induced dissociation (CID) of isolated ions (both positive and negative) and ion clusters (2:1 and 1:2 clusters) of the prototypical ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIM-BF), colliding with a nitrogen (N) molecule, exploring all possible fragmentation channels arising from the breaking of both ionic and covalent bonds at collision energies ranging from 10 electron volts (eV) to 100 electron volts (eV) in the laboratory frame.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Adv
September 2025
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore.
Embodied intelligence in soft robotics offers unprecedented capabilities for operating in uncertain, confined, and fragile environments that challenge conventional technologies. However, achieving true embodied intelligence-which requires continuous environmental sensing, real-time control, and autonomous decision-making-faces challenges in energy management and system integration. We developed deformation-resilient flexible batteries with enhanced performance under magnetic fields inherently present in magnetically actuated soft robots, with capacity retention after 200 cycles improved from 31.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPhys Rev Lett
August 2025
University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Physics, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA.
A charge qubit couples to environmental electric field fluctuations through its dipole moment, resulting in fast decoherence. We propose the p-orbital (pO) qubit, formed by the single-electron, p-like valence states of a five-electron Si quantum dot, which couples to charge noise through the quadrupole moment. We demonstrate that the pO qubit offers distinct advantages in quality factor, gate speed, readout, and size.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCharged hadron elliptic anisotropies (v_{2}) are presented over a wide transverse momentum (p_{T}) range for proton-lead (pPb) and lead-lead (PbPb) collisions at nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energies of 8.16 and 5.02 TeV, respectively.
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