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Oligomers incorporating the tetrapeptide MSH4, the minimum active sequence of melanocyte stimulating hormone, were synthesized by an A + B strategy involving microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. A contained an MSH4 core while B contained a (Pro-Gly) spacer. Soluble mixtures containing compounds with up to eight MSH4 units were obtained from oligomerizations at high monomer concentrations. The avidities of several oligomeric mixtures were evaluated by means of a competitive binding assay using HEK293 cells engineered to overexpress the melanocortin 4 receptor. When based on total MSH4 concentrations, avidities were only minimally enhanced compared with a monovalent control. The lack of variation in the effect of ligands on probe binding is consistent with high off rates for MSH4 in both monovalent and oligomeric constructs relative to that of the competing probe.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.12.022 | DOI Listing |
J Clin Virol
October 2025
Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Directorate, Ministry of Health, Tel Hashomer, Israel; School of Public Health, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Background: In 2024, Israel experienced its largest West Nile Virus (WNV) outbreak, reporting 934 cases. Diagnosis primarily relies on serological testing for IgM antibodies; however, cross-reactivity with other flaviviruses and prolonged IgM persistence complicate interpretation. Molecular testing is less utilized due to concerns about the short duration of viremia and potential false negatives.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEmerg Microbes Infect
December 2025
Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
Acellular pertussis vaccines are used in many countries. Since the quantity of antibodies after vaccination wanes quickly, to study functional antibody properties is important for evaluating long-lasting protection. Additionally, substantial variation in the quantity and quality of antibodies exists after vaccination in different age groups.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Rep
August 2025
School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
Endocytosis is critical. Its complexity means that many aspects remain poorly understood. We have developed an agent-based model covering key components of actin filament generation in endocytosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDiagn Microbiol Infect Dis
November 2025
Department of Clinical Virology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhrapradesh 517501, India. Electronic address:
Background: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are a well-known risk group for coronavirus infection with increased working hours in a potentially infectious environment and immunity levels to be monitored.
Methods: 1001 HCWs were tested for both IgG and Neutralizing antibodies. IgG avidity was tested in 100 HCWs using 3 M, 5 M and 7 M urea concentration.
Cytotherapy
June 2025
Cell Therapy Laboratory, M Health, Fairview, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, USA; Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA; Stem Cell Institute, Univer
Introduction: The prognosis of stage IV gastrointestinal (GI) carcinomas is poor with a 15% five-year survival rate for colorectal carcinomas. To improve efficacy of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), we isolated mutation-reactive autologous TIL and employed CRISPR/Cas9 to knockout (KO) the intracellular checkpoint protein CISH, which has been shown to enhance T cell expansion, functional avidity, and cytokine polyfunctionality, with consequent durable regression of established tumors in an animal model.
Materials & Methods: TIL cultures were initiated from resected tumor fragments and maintained for six weeks before harvest and cryopreservation.