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The case of a young man with multiple brain and somatic anomalies that presented diagnostic difficulties, is discussed in this report. A majority of his features were suggestive of Joubert syndrome--although it was felt that he did not fully meet diagnostic criteria. The subsequent evaluations included a magnetic resonance image of the brain, that was found to be consistent with pontine tegmental cap dysplasia. Chromosomal microarray studies showed a 2q13 deletion. A gene associated with Joubert syndrome, NPHP1, is within this region. This case highlights several important aspects of the diagnosis and nosology of malformations of the mid-hind brain.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spen.2010.02.014 | DOI Listing |
J Neurochem
July 2025
Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
Glycine critically regulates locomotor and sensory processing, with its presynaptic glycine transporter 2 (GlyT2) serving as key therapeutic targets for modulating glycinergic neurotransmission. While GlyT2 inhibitors hold clinical promise, the specialization of spatially distributed GlyT2 neuronal populations across the brain remains incomplete. Here, we crossed GlyT2-iCre with Ai9 to generate GlyT2-iCre-tdTomato mice, enabling anatomical mapping and functional interrogation of GlyT2 circuits.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNeurobiol Aging
November 2025
Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.
Using multi-echo blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) neuroimaging, we examined lifespan differences in three subcortical nuclei important to the neuromodulation of cognition and target sites for early Alzheimer's pathogenesis in the isodendritic core: the locus coeruleus (LC) the major source of noradrenaline, the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) the major source of acetylcholine, and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) the major source of dopamine. Seventy-one participants, from 19 to 86 years old (young n = 29, middle-aged, n = 18, and older n = 24), were tasked with memorizing visual images while monitoring auditory tones for a predefined target to assess attentional modulation of subsequent memory for the images. Young adults demonstrated a memory advantage for images paired with a target tone relative to no tone, which was diminished in middle age, and absent in older adults.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNat Commun
July 2025
Plasticité du Cerveau CNRS UMR8249, École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Paris, France.
Nicotine activates ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopaminergic (DA) neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) to drive its reinforcing effects. Simultaneously, nicotine inhibits those projecting to the amygdala (Amg) to mediate anxiety-like behavior through a process that remains unknown. Here, we show that in male mice, NAc- and Amg-projecting DA neurons respond with similar polarities to ethanol and nicotine, suggesting a shared network-based mechanism underlying the inhibitory effect of these otherwise pharmacologically-distinct drugs.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCell
August 2025
Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Electronic address:
Glutamatergic neuronal activity promotes proliferation of both oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and gliomas, including diffuse midline glioma (DMG). However, the role of neuromodulatory brainstem neurons projecting to midline structures where DMGs arise remains unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that midbrain cholinergic neuronal activity modulates OPC and DMG proliferation in a circuit-dependent manner.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNeurol Res
June 2025
Department of Physical Therapy, Yeungnam University College, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
Introduction: Spatial orientation is the ability to perceive changes in head position and movement, and is associated with vestibular system and hippocampus. Although the projection from the vestibular nucleus to the hippocampus is associated with spatial perception, there is currently a lack of evidence regarding direct pathway projecting from vestibular nuclei to the hippocampus. Therefore, this study investigated the anatomical characteristics of the vestibulo-hippocampal pathway (VHT) in a normal human brain using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography.
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