Fall Webworm Host Plant Preferences Generate a Reduced Predation Enemy-Free Space in Its Interaction with Parasitoids.

Plants and insects are developing strategies to avoid each other's defense systems. Host plants may release volatile compounds to attract the natural enemies of herbivores; insect pests may also select host plants that are deterrent to natural enemies to avoid such predation. Here we investigated whether the host plant preference of correlates with the attractiveness of these plants to , a parasitoid wasp that serves as the primary natural enemy of .

Design of vertical Ge quantum well asymmetric Fabry-Perot modulator without DBR.

We present a vertical Ge quantum well (QW) asymmetric Fabry-Perot modulator design and integration scheme without distributed Bragg reflector (DBR). The field-dependent excitonic absorption and the modulator performance are calculated, showing the wide (20-nm-thick) well design gives a large absorption reduction for the normally-off modulator operation. For a 47 QW modulator, the theoretical contrast ratio exceeds 40 dB at 1 V and increases to 52.