Impact of Spatial Presence on Charitable Behavior in the Metaverse: A Moderated Mediation Model of Norm Message and Involvement with Charity.

With the rapid development of virtual technology, the metaverse has become an influential communication tool driving engagement in prosocial behavior. This study examined whether spatial presence in a metaverse affects charitable involvement and prosocial behavior. Additionally, it explored the impact of descriptive norms in the metaverse, validated as effective in the physical world.

Unprecedented East Siberian wildfires intensify Arctic snow darkening through enhanced poleward transport of black carbon.

Summer Arctic black carbon (BC) predominantly originates from boreal wildfires, significantly contributing to Arctic warming. This study examined the impact of MODIS-detected extensive East Siberian wildfires from 2019 to 2021 on Arctic BC and the associated radiative effects using GEOS-Chem and SNICAR simulations. During these years, Arctic surface BC aerosol concentrations rose to 46 ng m, 43 ng m, and 59 ng m, nearly doubling levels from the low-fire year of 2022.

Protection against ovariectomy-induced bone loss by tranilast.

Background: Tranilast (N-(3',4'-dimethoxycinnamonyl) anthranilic acid) has been shown to be therapeutically effective, exerting anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects via acting on macrophage. We hypothesized that Tranilast may protect against oxidative stress-induced bone loss via action in osteoclasts (OCs) that shares precursors with macrophage.

Methodology And Principal Findings: To elucidate the role of Tranilast, ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone loss in vivo and OC differentiation in vitro were evaluated by µCT and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining, respectively.

Carbon monoxide protects against ovariectomy-induced bone loss by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis.

Carbon monoxide (CO) has been shown to have remarkable therapeutic value at low dosage by suppressing inflammation via inhibitory effects on macrophages, which are also precursors of osteoclasts (OC). The objective of the present study was to determine whether CO limits bone loss through its effects on osteoclastogenesis. Intraperitoneal injection of CO-releasing molecule 2 (CORM2) into mice with reduced bone mass due to ovariectomy (OVX) resulted in significantly elevated bone mass.