Landscape of fear in rice paddies: effect of bat ultrasounds on the egg production of a tympanate moth pest.

Background: Predator-prey interactions are major drivers of species coevolution. Insectivorous bats emit ultrasonic pulses to orientate themselves and to pursue prey in flight. Several nocturnal lepidopterans have developed auditory organs that allow them to detect echolocating bats and change their normal behaviour to reduce predation risk, a phenomenon included within the 'landscape of fear' concept.

Location of hot spots in integrated circuits by monitoring the substrate thermal-phase lag with the mirage effect.

This Letter presents a solution for locating hot spots in active integrated circuits (IC) and devices. This method is based on sensing the phase lag between the power periodically dissipated by a device integrated in an IC (hot spot) and its corresponding thermal gradient into the chip substrate by monitoring the heat-induced refractive index gradient with a laser beam. The experimental results show a high accuracy and prove the suitability of this technique to locate and characterize devices behaving as hot spots in current IC technologies.