Single-nucleus RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics reveal the mechanism by which Xiaozhiling injection treats internal hemorrhoids.

Background: Hemorrhoids, a prevalent chronic condition globally, significantly impact patients' quality of life. While various surgical interventions, such as external stripping and internal ligation, procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids, and tissue selecting technique, are employed for treatment, they are often associated with postoperative complications, including unsatisfactory defecation, bleeding, and anal stenosis. In contrast, Xiaozhiling injection, a traditional Chinese medicine-based therapy, has emerged as a minimally invasive and effective alternative for internal hemorrhoids.