Honey-Mediated CeO Nanoparticles: A Cost-Effective Approach for Electrochemical Biosensing of Human Serum Albumin.

Human serum albumin (HSA), the most abundant blood plasma protein, is a vital biomarker for diagnosing various health conditions. This study introduces a green and innovative approach for synthesizing CeO nanoparticles (NPs) using natural honey as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Comprehensive spectroscopic characterization revealed that the synthesized CeO NPs possess a spongy cobblestone morphology (∼13 nm) and an optical bandgap of 3.