Pass the Keys: Using Behavioral Economics to Explore Driving After Cannabis Use.

Background: Controlled studies show cannabis impairs driving performance and may increase crash risk. Recent approaches in behavioral economics have used marijuana purchase tasks (MPTs) to understand driving after cannabis use (DACU). One factor that may influence DACU is the latency between smoking and having to drive.

The Individual and Interactive Effects of Alpha-Pinene and Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Healthy Adults.

Introduction: Cannabis contains hundreds of chemical constituents beyond delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), which is thought to be the primary driver of most of its acute pharmacodynamic effects. The entourage effect theory asserts that the pharmacological and therapeutic effects of cannabis are not solely attributable to Δ9-THC but are influenced by other constituents, such as minor cannabinoids and terpenes, through distinct pharmacological action. However, empirical studies that have systematically evaluated this theory in humans remain limited.

The Acute and Chronic Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Oral Cannabidiol (CBD) With and Without Low Doses of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC).

Introduction: Hemp products (cannabis with ≤0.3% Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)) are federally legal, but few controlled experiments have explored drug test results, pharmacokinetics, or pharmacodynamics.

Methods: Healthy adults (n = 60) self-administered 1.

A within-subject cross-over trial comparing the acute effects of vaporized delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy adults.

Background: The prevalence and accessibility of Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC), a chemical isomer of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), has increased drastically, yet no controlled studies have directly compared the effects of vaporized Δ8-THC and Δ9-THC .

Methods: Twenty healthy adults with no past-month cannabis exposure completed five randomized outpatient sessions in a within-subjects, double-blind, crossover design. Participants inhaled Δ8-THC (10, 20, 40mg), Δ9-THC (20mg), or placebo (distilled water) using the Mighty Medic vaporizer.

A within-subject cross-over trial comparing the acute effects of oral delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy adults.

Background: Oral products containing Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC), a chemical isomer of the primary psychoactive consistent of cannabis, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), have increased in popularity in recent years. The behavioral effects and pharmacokinetics of oral Δ8-THC remain poorly characterized.

Methods: Nineteen healthy adults with no past-month cannabinoid exposure completed five randomized outpatient sessions in a within-subjects, double-blind, crossover design.

The Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of a Hemp-Derived "Full-Spectrum" Oral Cannabinoid Product with a 1:1 Ratio of Cannabidiol to Cannabidiolic Acid and Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol to Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Within-Subjects Human Laboratory Study.

To examine the acute pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of a patented oral cannabinoid product containing a botanical hemp-derived "full-spectrum" extract with an approximate 1:1 ratio of cannabidiol (CBD) to cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA). Healthy adults ( = 15) ingested soft gels containing 0 (placebo), and approximately 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg of total cannabinoids (combination of CBD, CBDA, THC, THCA, and other minor cannabinoids) in an ascending-dose order in four experimental sessions separated by ≥1 week (the placebo condition occurred randomly within the dose sequence). Mean doses (mg) of primary cannabinoids in the active drug conditions were: 1 mg/kg condition (CBD = 41.

A comprehensive review on oral nicotine pouches: Available scientific evidence and future research needs.

Oral nicotine pouches (ONPs) are an emergent class of tobacco products that, unlike conventional oral smokeless tobacco products, contain a nicotine powder instead of tobacco leaves. This review synthesizes available data on ONPs in key research domains including survey studies, marketing/advertising studies, chemical characterization and in vitro studies, and clinical studies. Research findings relevant for ONP regulations are summarized, including who uses these products and why, how marketing tactics influence appeal and use intentions, what harmful and potentially harmful constituents they contain, and what acute effects they have on humans.

Cannabinoid Content and Label Accuracy of Various Hemp-Derived Haircare, Cosmetic, and Edible Products Available at Retail Stores and Online in the United States.

To evaluate the label accuracy and content of various hemp-derived cannabidiol (CBD) products (cannabinoid products with ≤0.3% Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]), as well as evaluate advertised claims on product labels. Hemp haircare, cosmetics, and food/drink products that were advertised to contain CBD were purchased from retail stores in the Baltimore, Maryland area (purchased in July 2020) and online (purchased in August 2020).

Vaporized D-limonene selectively mitigates the acute anxiogenic effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy adults who intermittently use cannabis.

Background: Cannabis contains hundreds of chemical constituents beyond delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is believed to drive most of its acute pharmacodynamic effects. The entourage effect theory asserts that non-THC constituents can impact acute cannabis effects, but few empirical studies have systematically evaluated this theory in humans. This study assessed whether the cannabis terpenoid d-limonene mitigates the acute anxiogenic effects of THC.

Effects of kratom on driving: Results from a cross-sectional survey, ecological momentary assessment, and pilot simulated driving Study.

Objectives: Despite widespread kratom use, there is a lack of knowledge regarding its effects on driving. We evaluated the self-reported driving behaviors of kratom consumers and assessed their simulated-driving performance after self-administering kratom products.

Methods: We present results from: 1) a remote, national study of US adults who regularly use kratom, and 2) an in-person substudy from which we re-recruited participants.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of five distinct commercially available hemp-derived topical cannabidiol products.

Products containing cannabidiol (CBD) have proliferated after the 2018 Farm Bill legalized hemp (cannabis with ≤0.3% delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)). CBD-containing topical products have surged in popularity, but controlled clinical studies on them are limited.

Association of electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) and cigarette solo and dual use with alcohol-related consequences among US adults.

Introduction: Research reports a robust association between combustible cigarette use and alcohol use frequency and severity. Extension to the emerging landscape of electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) use is needed to inform prevention and treatment strategies.

Method: We evaluated data from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH).

Evaluation of Cytochrome P450-Mediated Cannabinoid-Drug Interactions in Healthy Adult Participants.

Understanding cannabis-drug interactions is critical given regulatory changes that have increased access to and use of cannabis. Cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the most abundant phytocannabinoids, are in vitro reversible and time-dependent (CBD only) inhibitors of several cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Cannabis extracts were used to evaluate quantitatively potential pharmacokinetic cannabinoid-drug interactions in 18 healthy adults.

A cross-sectional survey on cannabis: Characterizing motives, opinions, and subjective experiences associated with the use of various oral cannabis products.

Background: Cannabis-infused products available for oral consumption include food and drink items (i.e., edibles) (e.

Assessment of Orally Administered Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol When Coadministered With Cannabidiol on Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Controlled clinical laboratory studies have shown that cannabidiol (CBD) can sometimes attenuate or exacerbate the effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). No studies have evaluated differences in pharmacokinetics (PK) of Δ9-THC and pharmacodynamics (PD) between orally administered cannabis extracts that vary with respect to Δ9-THC and CBD concentrations.

Objective: To compare the PK and PD of orally administered Δ9-THC-dominant and CBD-dominant cannabis extracts that contained the same Δ9-THC dose (20 mg).

The effects of oral and vaporized cannabis alone, and in combination with alcohol, on driving performance using the STISIM driving simulator: A two-part, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover clinical laboratory protocol.

The legalization of cannabis for medicinal and non-medicinal purposes, and the corresponding increase in diversity of cannabis products, has resulted an urgent need for cannabis regulatory science. Among the most pressing needs is research related to impairment due to cannabis exposure, especially on driving performance. The present project was designed to evaluate the impact of oral and vaporized cannabis, when administered alone or in combination with alcohol, on simulated driving performance (STISIM driving simulator), cognitive/psychomotor ability, and field sobriety performance.

Cannabinoid Content and Label Accuracy of Hemp-Derived Topical Products Available Online and at National Retail Stores.

Importance: Products containing cannabinoids such as cannabidiol (CBD) have proliferated since 2018, when the Agriculture Improvement Act removed hemp (ie, cannabis containing <0.3% Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]) from the US controlled substances list. Topical cannabinoid products can be purchased nationwide at retail stores and over the internet, yet research on these products is scarce.

Urinary Excretion Profile of Cannabinoid Analytes Following Acute Administration of Oral and Vaporized Cannabis in Infrequent Cannabis Users.

Traditionally, smoking has been the predominant method for administering cannabis, but alternative routes of administration have become more prevalent. Additionally, research examining urinary cannabinoid excretion profiles has primarily focused on 11-nor-9-carboxy-∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC-COOH), a metabolite of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC), as the primary analyte. The aim of the current study was to characterize the urinary excretion profile of ∆9-THC-COOH, ∆9-THC, ∆8-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆8-THC), 11-hydroxy-∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-∆9-THC), ∆9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), 11-nor-∆9-tetrahydrocannabivarin-9-carboxlic acid (THCV-COOH), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN) and 8,11-dihydroxytetrahydrocannabinol (8,11-diOH-∆9-THC) following controlled administration of both oral and vaporized cannabis.