Specific Behaviors of Young Healthy Children During Toilet Training and Their Associations With Functional Constipation: A Cohort Study.

Objectives: To assess the association between specific toilet training (TT) behaviors and functional constipation (FC) in young, healthy children.

Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study distributed 2917 questionnaires to parents of healthy children across 38 nursery schools in Flanders. Parents were given questions regarding their child's TT and TT-related behaviors such as stool toileting refusal (STR), hiding, and requesting a diaper for defecation, along with questions about current stool issues, which involved assessing stool consistency using the Bristol Stool Chart.

Measuring the impact of disposable diapers on urination elimination signals in non-toilet-trained children.

Elimination signals are cues exhibited by children before, during or after urination and are important for assessing toilet training readiness. This pilot study prospectively assessed the impact of disposable diapers on urination elimination signals in normally developing, not-yet-toilet-trained children. Using a crossover design, each child was observed with and without a diaper.

Implementing a new method of group toilet training in daycare centres: a cluster randomised controlled trial.

Despite the existing methods, a trend towards a later initiation and completion of toilet training has been seen in Western society. This study is the first to investigate prospectively the efficacy of intensive group toilet training in daycare centres. The primary outcome of interest is the duration until the child is toilet trained.

'Elimination signals' in healthy, NON toilet trained children aged 0-4 years: A systematic review.

Objective: An early start of toilet training, which is related to a younger age of acquiring full bladder control, can generate important health advantages. Children display different 'elimination signals' related to voiding or defaecation. The aim of this systematic review is to map these 'elimination signals' in young, healthy children aged 0-4 years.

Observing postprandial bowel movements in diaper-dependent toddlers.

The gastrocolic reflex is a response of the colon to the presence of food in the stomach. Our goal was to observe bowel movements in healthy infants and toddlers not yet toilet trained, in response to a meal. Stool behavior of 40 toddlers, aged 18-27 months, was monitored.

Information as a crucial factor for toilet training by parents.

Background: Toilet training (TT) is a milestone in a child's development. Nowadays, children complete TT later than previous generations. This can have detrimental consequences for the child, the parents, and the environment.

Parents' views on toilet training: a cross-sectional study in Flanders.

Aims: The goals of this research were to investigate parents' perceptions of toilet training and their beliefs and views on how to toilet train children.

Methods: Questionnaires were provided to parents of healthy children, aged 18-72 months, who were or had just finished toilet training. There were 928 questionnaires returned (38% response rate).

Common errors made in attempt to contract the pelvic floor muscles in women early after delivery: A prospective observational study.

Objectives: The ability to perform a correct pelvic floor muscle contraction (PFMC) is necessary to start pelvic floor muscle training after delivery. COMMOV are "c"ontractions of "o"ther "m"uscles (m. rectus abdominus, the gluteal muscles, and the adductors), and other "mov"ements (pelvic tilt, breath holding, and straining) performed in addition to or instead of the PFMC.

The voiding pattern in healthy pre- and term infants and toddlers: a literature review.

Unlabelled: Toilet training in Western culture starts between 18 and 24 months. At this age, a child is assumed to have procured the competences needed for bladder control. Since the knowledge of reference values of a normal micturition serves as a guide to diagnose urologic pathology, the aim of this systematic review is to obtain a more comprehensive picture of normal voiding pattern in healthy infants, who have not yet reached bladder control.

Observing shadow motions: resonant activity within the observer's motor system?

Several studies have demonstrated that the human motor cortex is activated by the mere observation of actions performed by others. In the present study, we explored whether the perception of 'impoverished motion stimuli', such as shadow animations, is sufficient to activate motor areas. To do so, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied over the hand area of the primary motor cortex (M1) while subjects observed shadow animations depicting finger motions.