Adolescent Vaping: Revisiting developmental perspectives on adolescent substance use in the digital age.

Every wave of preferred substance use in adolescence serves similar developmental functions. The recent explosion among adolescents of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), popularly known as vaping, offers an opportunity to revisit models of the role of substance use in adolescent development. Social media's rise alongside that of ENDS distinguishes this recent phenomenon from previous historical waves of substance abuse: Vaping was and remains highly integrated into the digital culture, situating social media as a unique window into the adolescent users' subjective experience.

Clinical Practice Guideline: Assessment and Treatment of Adolescents and Young Adults With Substance Use Disorders and Problematic Substance Use (Excluding Tobacco).

Objective: To enhance the quality of care and clinical outcomes for adolescents with Substance use disorder (SUD) and problematic substance use (PSU). The aims are twofold: 1) to summarize empirically-based guidance about the psychosocial, behavioral, and psychopharmacologic treatment of SUDs and PSU in adolescents and young adults; and 2) to summarize expert-based guidance about the assessment and clinical management of these disorders.

Method: Statements about the treatment of SUD / PSU are based upon empirical evidence derived from a critical systematic review of the scientific literature conducted by the Brown Evidence-Based Practice Center under contract with the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).

Labeling of Cannabis Products From Licensed and Unlicensed Retailers in New York.

Introduction: Cannabis product labels shape consumers' perceptions of risks and benefits and can be leveraged to reduce high-risk cannabis use in legalized markets. Although prior research has identified features of labels that might modify risk, no prior research has compared labeling practices of licensed with those of unlicensed products in legalized markets.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, cannabis products (n=88, including 58 flower and 30 vape) were obtained from randomly selected licensed and unlicensed cannabis retailers in New York in October-November 2023.

Development of a brief inpatient curriculum to enhance trainee skills in assessment and treatment of adolescents with substance use and co-occurring mental health problems.

Background: Adolescence is a critical period for substance use intervention, yet few youth receive evidence-based treatment for both co-occurring substance use and mental health problems. Gaps in professional training limit adequate assessment and treatment of substance use problems among youth receiving psychiatric treatment.

Methods: We developed a two-session curriculum, integrated into a child/adolescent psychiatry inpatient rotation, to improve knowledge and skills in evidence-based practices for screening, brief intervention, psychoeducation, and care coordination, among multidisciplinary mental health clinicians.

Inpatient Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Youth with Autism and/or Intellectual Disabilities: Clinical Characteristics and Considerations.

Children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and/or an intellectual disability (ASD/ID) are psychiatrically hospitalized at disproportionately higher rates than youth without ASD/ID. Despite this, few studies have compared the clinical courses of youth with and without ASD/ID in inpatient (IP) child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP) settings. This study used a cross-sectional design of all youth (M = 14.

Breaking the Cycle: Predicting Agitation Crises in Child and Adolescent Inpatient Psychiatry.

This study examined biopsychosocial factors associated with the use of intramuscular (IM) agitation emergency medication in child and adolescent psychiatric inpatients. A retrospective review of 1,101 patients hospitalized between June 2018-November 2021 at an urban teaching hospital identified predictors of IM medication use through linear regression analysis. Among these patients, 196 received IM medication during their stay.

Cannabis Access by Retailer Type in New York.

Objective: Increasing state-level cannabis legalization in the United States aims to reduce risks to consumers through regulation but may also lead to more unlicensed retailers and youth access. This study examines how age verification and business practices (eg, pricing, signage, and youth-appealing products) differ by licensing status.

Methods: The Cannabis Access and Safety in New York (CASNY) secret shopper study observed 37 dispensaries and smoke shops (5 licensed medical, 7 licensed recreational, 10 unlicensed dispensaries, and 15 smoke shops), randomly selected from 840 outlets across New York City (NYC) in November to December 2023 to audit age verification and other business practices.

Psychiatric crises among youth with a history of trauma during COVID-19: A retrospective study of psychiatrically hospitalized children and adolescents.

Background: Youth hospitalized in inpatient child psychiatry units have a high prevalence of trauma and this population may have been especially affected by the pandemic.

Objective: This study examined the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of hospitalized youth with a history of trauma prior to, during, and after the pandemic. Additionally, youth who reported a trauma history were compared to those who denied having a trauma history.

Digital Media-related Problems Contributing to Psychiatric Hospitalizations Among Children and Adolescents Before and After the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The role of digital media in crises leading to youth psychiatric admissions is understudied and digital media use increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this cross-sectional study, demographics, clinical characteristics, and digital media-related problems (DMRPs; sub-coded as cyberbullying, online communication problems, triggering content, and limit-setting problems) were extracted from hospital records of youth (n = 1,101) admitted to a pediatric psychiatric unit from May 2018 to November 2021. DMRPs were identified in 127 admissions (11.

A conceptual framework for how structural changes in emerging acute substance use service models can reduce stigma of medications for opioid use disorder.

Stigma toward people taking medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) is prevalent, harmful to the health and well-being of this population, and impedes MOUD treatment resource provision, help-seeking, and engagement in care. In recent years, clinicians have implemented new models of MOUD-based treatment in parts of the United States that integrate buprenorphine initiation into emergency departments and other acute general medical settings, with post-discharge linkage to office-based treatment. These service models increase access to MOUD and they have potential to mitigate stigma toward opioid use and MOUD.

Interventions for prevention and treatment of substance use in youth with traumatic childhood experiences: a systematic review and synthesis of the literature.

Most substance use begins in adolescence. Both childhood trauma and associated post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) increase risk for early substance use, which is associated with greater eventual severity of substance use disorders (SUDs). When co-occurring, PTSD and SUD can reinforce and exacerbate each other, necessitating integrated treatment approaches.

Difference in Psychiatric Hospital Admissions Between Cisgender and Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Youth, Before and During the Start of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

This retrospective study of 1101 children and adolescents examines differences in psychiatric admissions between cisgender and transgender/gender nonconforming (TGNC) youth between June 2018 and November 2021. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics for each admission were extracted from medical records. We compared proportion of total admissions and clinical characteristics between cisgender and TGNC youth, during specified time frames of pre-COVID-19, during quarantine, and post-quarantine.

A clinical overview of adolescent e-cigarette use (vaping).

E-cigarette use (also known as "vaping") has become increasingly popular among adolescents over the past decade and grown into a significant public health concern in North America, the United Kingdom, and other countries. Concerns about this new trend have generated numerous new research studies. This aim of this study was to summarize recent scientific findings, with a focus on their relevance to clinicians working with adolescents.

"It's Better If I Die Because Even in the Hospital, There is a Stigma, People Still Gossip": Gossip as a Culturally Shaped Labeling Process and Its Implications for HIV-Related Stigma in Botswana.

This study qualitatively explores HIV-related gossip as both a manifestation and driver of HIV-related stigma, which is a known barrier to HIV testing and treatment in Botswana. Data were elicited from 5 focus group discussions and 46 semi-structured in-depth interviews with individuals living with HIV and community members with undisclosed serostatus in Gaborone, Botswana in 2017 (n = 84). Directed content analysis using the 'What Matters Most' theoretical framework identified culturally salient manifestations of HIV-related stigma; simultaneous use of Modified Labeling Theory allowed interpretation and stepwise organization of how the social phenomenon of gossip leads to adverse HIV outcomes.

Stigma toward psychosis in urban Chile: Engaging "what matters most" to resist stigma through recovery-oriented services.

Objective: Stigma jeopardizes recovery and successful implementation of mental health services (MHS) globally. Despite cultural variation in how stigma manifests, few studies have examined how culture fundamentally impacts the concept of "personhood" in Latin America. Chile has expanded MHS, providing universal coverage for evaluation and treatment of first episode psychosis (FEP).

Theory-Driven, Multi-Stage Process to Develop a Culturally-Informed Anti-Stigma Intervention for Pregnant Women Living with HIV in Botswana.

Background And Objectives: Despite a well-established universal HIV diagnosis and treatment program, Botswana continues to face a high HIV prevalence, in large part due to persistent stigma, which particularly affects pregnant women and interferes with healthcare engagement. Tackling stigma as a fundamental cause of HIV disparities is an important but understudied aspect of current HIV interventions. Our multinational and multicultural team used a theory-driven, multi-stage iterative process to develop measures and interventions to first identify and then target the most culturally-salient aspects of stigma for mothers living with HIV in Botswana.

A pilot pragmatic trial of a "what matters most"-based intervention targeting intersectional stigma related to being pregnant and living with HIV in Botswana.

We conducted a pilot trial of an intervention targeting intersectional stigma related to being pregnant and living with HIV while promoting capabilities for achieving 'respected motherhood' ('what matters most') in Botswana. A pragmatic design allocated participants to the intervention (N = 44) group and the treatment-as-usual (N = 15) group. An intent-to-treat, difference-in-difference analysis found the intervention group had significant decreases in HIV stigma (d = - 1.

Systematic review: Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment-resistant mood disorders in children and adolescents.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a well-established treatment for adults with mood disorders. However, its use in child and adolescent populations is less common. At the same time, approximately 60% of child and adolescent patients do not respond satisfactorily to first-line treatments for mood disorders.

Preparing for the COVID-19 paediatric mental health crisis: A focus on youth reactions to caretaker death.

To promote clinician preparedness for working with children and adolescents who lost or will lose a parent or caretaker to COVID-19, findings from a review of the literature concerning youth reactions to parent and caretaker death and incapacitation were integrated with recent and emergent data concerning the COVID-19 pandemic. Children and adolescents who lose a parent or caretaker are at an increased risk of anxiety and depressive reactions and disorders, externalizing and health-risk behaviours, and substance use disorders. Particular aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic may influence these presentations and the risk of complicated grief.

Youth vaping: a review and update on global epidemiology, physical and behavioral health risks, and clinical considerations.

Worldwide, youth electronic cigarette use (vaping) has risen significantly over the past decade. This public health concern has spurred many high-quality studies characterizing country-specific prevalence, risk factors, physical and behavioral health complications, and optimal methods of assessment and counseling for youth vaping. Clinicians remain underexposed to this recent work, limiting translation of evidence into higher quality patient care.

Stigma, Structural Vulnerability, and "What Matters Most" Among Women Living With HIV in Botswana, 2017.

To explore whether beneficial health care policies, when implemented in the context of gender inequality, yield unintended structural consequences that stigmatize and ostracize women with HIV from "what matters most" in local culture. We conducted 46 in-depth interviews and 5 focus groups (38 individuals) with men and women living with and without HIV in Gaborone, Botswana, in 2017. Cultural imperatives to bear children bring pregnant women into contact with free antenatal services including routine HIV testing, where their HIV status is discovered before their male partners'.

Identifying "What Matters Most" to Men in Botswana to Promote Resistance to HIV-Related Stigma.

Despite a comprehensive national program of free HIV services, men living with HIV in Botswana participate at lower rates and have worse outcomes than women. Directed content analysis of five focus groups ( = 38) and 50 in-depth interviews with men and women with known and unknown HIV status in Gaborone, Botswana in 2017 used the "what matters most" (WMM) and "structural vulnerability" frameworks to examine how the most valued cultural aspects of manhood interact with HIV-related stigma. WMM for manhood in Botswana included fulfilling male responsibilities by being a capable provider and maintaining social status.

'Mothers moving towards empowerment' intervention to reduce stigma and improve treatment adherence in pregnant women living with HIV in Botswana: study protocol for a pragmatic clinical trial.

Background: With high rates of HIV and multiple vulnerable subgroups across diverse settings, there is a need for culturally based, HIV stigma reduction interventions. Pregnant women who are living with HIV are especially in need of services to protect not only their own but also their children's lives. Uptake of HIV services worldwide is hindered by stigma towards persons living with HIV/AIDS.

Systematic Review of Electronic Cigarette Use (Vaping) and Mental Health Comorbidity Among Adolescents and Young Adults.

Introduction: The prevalence of electronic cigarette (EC) use has risen dramatically among adolescents and young adults (AYA, ages 12-26) over the past decade. Despite extensive established relationships between combustible cigarette use and mental health problems, the mental health comorbidities of EC use remain unclear.

Aims And Methods: To provide a systematic review of existing literature on mental health comorbidities of EC use among AYA.

Psychometric Validation of a Scale to Assess Culturally-Salient Aspects of HIV Stigma Among Women Living with HIV in Botswana: Engaging "What Matters Most" to Resist Stigma.

Perceived stigma deters engagement in HIV care and is powerfully shaped by culture. Yet few stigma measures consider how cultural capabilities that signify "full personhood" could be engaged to resist stigma. By applying a theory conceptualizing how culturally-salient mechanisms can worsen or mitigate HIV stigma in relation to "what matters most" (WMM), we developed the WMM Cultural Stigma Scale for Women Living with HIV in Botswana (WMM-WLHIV-BW) and psychometrically evaluated it among 201 respondents with known and unknown HIV status.