Chinese medicine monomers for hepatocellular carcinoma: New ideas related to autophagy.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents the most prevalent form of primary liver cancer, characterized by high mortality rates, frequent recurrence and metastasis, poor clinical prognosis, and a complex pathogenesis with limited therapeutic options. Autophagy plays a pivotal role in the immune response and functions as a lysosome-mediated degradation mechanism essential for recycling cellular components and eliminating aggregated proteins, damaged organelles, and invasive pathogens, thereby maintaining cellular function and dynamic homeostasis. Additionally, autophagy regulates several critical proteins and signaling pathways, including mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR), Beclin-1, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mTOR signaling pathway, the Hippo/yes-associated protein signaling pathway, and the Janus kinase/signal transducer of activation signaling pathway.

[Genetic polymorphisms of 9 non-combined of DNA index system short tandem repeat loci in Guangdong Han population].

Objective: To investigate the genetic polymorphisms and their forensic application of 9 non-combined of DNA index system (CODIS) short tandem repeat(STR) loci in Guangdong Han population.

Methods: DNA samples from 500 unrelated individuals were extracted and amplified with fluorescence labeled multiplex PCR system. PCR products were separated and genotyped with capillary electrophoresis.