ESR Essentials: juvenile idiopathic arthritis; what every radiologist needs to know-practice recommendations by the European Society of Paediatric Radiology.

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is a major contributor to chronic diseases, affecting around 1-2 in 1000 children under the age of 16. With modern treatments, the morbidity has been reduced; however, there is increasing evidence that many, if not most, children with JIA will have a chronic disease with ongoing activity into adulthood. Many studies discuss the possibility of an early window of opportunity in which patients have the best chance of responding to therapy, thereby underscoring the importance of timely and appropriate imaging.

Bone health in juvenile idiopathic arthritis compared with controls based on a Norwegian observational study.

Background: Children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) are at risk for impaired bone health. This study evaluates bone mineral density (BMD) and potential risk factors for reduced BMD.

Methods: In the NorJIA study, Norwegian children with JIA, and age-matched and sex-matched controls participated in a multicentre cohort study with clinical examinations, questionnaires, imaging and blood tests.

Children as controls in research; The voice of the volunteer.

Background: Modern paediatric healthcare is increasingly dependent on diagnostic methods such as imaging and blood samples. These methods require knowledge of physiology and anatomy to separate signs of early disease development from physiological variants. To acquire this knowledge, researchers depend on studies on children from the general populations, but little is known about how children and their guardians experience participation in studies.

Cone beam computed tomography in the assessment of TMJ deformity in children with JIA: repeatability of a novel scoring system.

Background: The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is frequently involved in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Diagnostic imaging is necessary to correctly diagnose and evaluate TMJ involvement, however, hitherto little has been published on the accuracy of the applied scoring systems and measurements. The present study aims to investigate the precision of 20 imaging features and five measurements based on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Imaging of anorectal malformations: where are we now? Abdominal imaging task force of the European Society of Paediatric Radiology.

Anorectal and cloacal malformations are a broad mix of congenital abnormalities related to the distal rectum and anus. Confusion exists between all the forms in this large and heterogeneous group. The spectrum includes everything from anal stenosis, ventral anus, anal atresia (with and without fistula) and the full spectrum of cloacal malformations.

MRI in the Assessment of TMJ-Arthritis in Children with JIA; Repeatability of a Newly Devised Scoring System.

Rationale And Objectives: The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is commonly involved in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. The diagnosis and evaluation of the disease progression is dependent on medical imaging. The precision of this imaging is under debate.

Practical approach for the diagnosis of biliary atresia on imaging, part 2: magnetic resonance cholecystopancreatography, hepatobiliary scintigraphy, percutaneous cholecysto-cholangiography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, percutaneous liver biopsy, risk scores and decisional flowchart.

We aim to present a practical approach to imaging in suspected biliary atresia, an inflammatory cholangiopathy of infancy resulting in progressive fibrosis and obliteration of extrahepatic and intrahepatic bile ducts. Left untreated or with failure of the Kasai procedure, biliary atresia progresses to biliary cirrhosis, end-stage liver failure and death within the first years of life. Differentiating biliary atresia from other nonsurgical causes of neonatal cholestasis is difficult as there is no single method for diagnosing biliary atresia and clinical, laboratory and imaging features of this disease overlap with those of other causes of neonatal cholestasis.

Effects of motion correction, sampling rate and parametric modelling in dynamic contrast enhanced MRI of the temporomandibular joint in children affected with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is typically involved in 45-87% of children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA). Accurate diagnosis of JIA is difficult as various clinical tests, including MRI, disagree. The purpose of this study is to optimize the methodological aspects of Dynamic Contrast Enhanced (DCE) MRI of the TMJ in children.

Practical approach to imaging diagnosis of biliary atresia, Part 1: prenatal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, and postnatal ultrasound.

We present a practical approach to imaging in suspected biliary atresia, an inflammatory cholangiopathy of infancy resulting in progressive fibrosis and obliteration of extrahepatic and intrahepatic bile ducts. Left untreated or with failure of the Kasai procedure, biliary atresia progresses towards biliary cirrhosis, end-stage liver failure and death by age 3. Differentiation of biliary atresia from other nonsurgical causes of neonatal cholestasis is challenging because there is no single method for diagnosing biliary atresia, and clinical, laboratory and imaging features of this disease overlap with those of other causes of neonatal cholestasis.

Revisiting the radiographic assessment of osteoporosis-Osteopenia in children 0-2 years of age. A systematic review.

Background: Imaging for osteoporosis has two major aims, first, to identify the presence of low bone mass (osteopenia), and second, to quantify bone mass using semiquantitative (conventional radiography) or quantitative (densitometry) methods. In young children, densitometry is hampered by the lack of reference values, and high-quality radiographs still play a role although the evaluation of osteopenia as a marker for osteoporosis is subjective and based on personal experience. Medical experts questioned in court over child abuse, often refer to the literature and state that 20-40% loss of bone mass is warranted before osteopenia becomes evident on radiographs.

Efficacy and safety of intraarticular corticosteroid injections in adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis in the temporomandibular joint: a Norwegian 2-year prospective multicenter pilot study.

Background: Intraarticular corticosteroids (IACs) have been used to treat temporomandibular joint (TMJ) arthritis. However, prospective clinical studies with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scoring are lacking. The aim of this study was to examine efficacy and safety of a single IAC in the TMJ in adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in a clinical setting.

Intracavitary contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in children: review with procedural recommendations and clinical applications from the European Society of Paediatric Radiology abdominal imaging task force.

Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (US) has become an important supplementary tool in many clinical applications in children. Contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography and intravenous US contrast agents have proved useful in routine clinical practice. Other applications of intracavitary contrast-enhanced US, particularly in children, have not been widely investigated but could serve as a practical and radiation-free problem-solver in several clinical settings.

European Society of Paediatric Radiology abdominal imaging task force: recommendations for contrast-enhanced ultrasound and diffusion-weighted imaging in focal renal lesions in children.

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) are safe, repeatable imaging techniques. The aim of this paper is to discuss the advantages, technical factors and possible clinical applications of these imaging tools in focal renal lesions in children.

Correction to: Plea for a standardized imaging approach to disorders of sex development in neonates: Consensus proposal from European Society of Paediatric Radiology task force.

The above article was published online with an incorrect author name.

Plea for a standardized imaging approach to disorders of sex development in neonates: consensus proposal from European Society of Paediatric Radiology task force.

This consensus article elaborated by the European Society for Paediatric Radiology task force on gastrointestinal and genitourinary imaging is intended to standardize the imaging approach in newborns with disorders of sex development. These newborns represent a difficult and stressful situation necessitating a multidisciplinary team approach. Imaging plays an important role in the work-up but needs to be optimized and customized to the patient.

Correction to: European Society of Paediatric Radiology abdominal imaging task force: statement on imaging in very early onset inflammatory bowel disease.

The above article was published online with incorrect author name. The right spelling should be Damjana Kljucevsek instead of Damjana Kjucevsek. The correct name is presented here.

European Society of Paediatric Radiology abdominal imaging task force: statement on imaging in very early onset inflammatory bowel disease.

Very early onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEO-IBD) is defined as disease presenting before the age of 6. These children require a tailored imaging approach because conventional imaging studies can be difficult to perform at such a young age. Unlike inflammatory bowel disease in older children and adults, colonic disease predominates in VEO-IBD, and small-bowel disease is rare.

European Society of Paediatric Radiology Abdominal Imaging Task Force recommendations in paediatric uroradiology, part X: how to perform paediatric gastrointestinal ultrasonography, use gadolinium as a contrast agent in children, follow up paediatric testicular microlithiasis, and an update on paediatric contrast-enhanced ultrasound.

At the European Society of Paediatric Radiology (ESPR) annual meeting 2017 in Davos, Switzerland, the ESPR Abdominal (gastrointestinal and genitourinary) Imaging Task Force set out to complete the suggestions for paediatric abdominal imaging and its procedural recommendations. Some final topics were addressed including how to perform paediatric gastrointestinal ultrasonography. Based on the recent approval of ultrasound (US) contrast agents for paediatric use, important aspects of paediatric contrast-enhanced US were revisited.

Normal magnetic resonance appearances of the temporomandibular joints in children and young adults aged 2-18 years.

Background: Knowledge of normal appearances of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is paramount when assessing the joint for disease in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Reliable features defining normal TMJs in children are limited.

Objective: To establish reliable normal standards for the TMJ at magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Standardization of pediatric uroradiological terms: A multidisciplinary European glossary.

To promote the standardization of nephro-uroradiological terms used in children, the European Society of Pediatric Radiology uroradiology taskforce wrote a detailed glossary. This work has been subsequently submitted to European experts in pediatric urology and nephrology for discussion and acceptance to improve the quality of radiological reports and communication among different clinicians involved in pediatric urology and nephrology.

Standardization of pediatric uroradiological terms: a multidisciplinary European glossary.

To promote the standardization of nephro-uroradiological terms used in children, the European Society of Paediatric Radiology uroradiology taskforce wrote a detailed glossary. This work has been subsequently submitted to European experts in pediatric urology and nephrology for discussion and acceptance to improve the quality of radiological reports and communication between different clinicians involved in pediatric urology and nephrology.

ESPR Uroradiology Taskforce--imaging recommendations in paediatric uroradiology, part VIII: retrograde urethrography, imaging disorder of sexual development and imaging childhood testicular torsion.

Three new consensus-based recommendations of the European Society of Paediatric Radiology Uroradiology Taskforce and the European Society of Urogenital Radiology Paediatric Working Group on paediatric uroradiology are presented. One deals with indications and technique for retrograde urethrography, one with imaging in the work-up for disorders of sexual development and one with imaging workflow in suspected testicular torsion. The latter is subdivided to suggest a distinct algorithm to deal with testicular torsion in neonates.