Optimizing Nanofiltration Membrane Layer-by-Layer Modification: Chemometric and Morphological Insights.

Nanofiltration (NF) membranes are essential in wastewater treatment, battery industries, and brine management for selectively removing multivalent ions. However, fouling reduces their lifespan and necessitates harsh cleaning. The layer-by-layer (LBL) technique addresses this by modifying surface properties, enhancing rejection of divalent cations, such as magnesium and calcium, and minimizing fouling.