Iron optimisation in pregnancy: a Haematology in Obstetric and Women's Health Collaborative consensus statement.

Anaemia is a well-recognised and widely accepted consequence of iron deficiency (ID); however, the two diagnoses are not synonymous with the effects of ID occurring long before the development of anaemia. In adults, ID can cause physical and neuropsychological symptoms, including lethargy, altered mood and poor concentration, reducing an individual's quality of life. Foetal and neonatal ID has been associated with impaired neurocognitive development with lasting effects despite iron replacement in early life.

Menopause depression: Under recognised and poorly treated.

Menopause is a biological process experienced by all people assigned female at birth. A significant number of women experience mental ill health related to the major brain gonadal hormone shifts that occur in their midlife. There is poor understanding and management of the complex mental ill health issues, with the biological brain hormone changes receiving little formal attention.

The role of ultrasonography in the management of post-partum haemorrhage associated with retained products of conception: A case report.

Background: Post-partum haemorrhage is a serious complication of vaginal and Caesarean deliveries, and a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. Retained products of conception (RPOC) are implicated in both primary and secondary post-partum haemorrhage, frequently leading to surgical interventions. Ultrasonographic diagnosis of RPOC gives a wide variation in accuracy due to significant overlaps between the normal and pathological features of the post-partum uterus.

The legal status of the fetus in New South Wales.

The issue of how to define the legal status of the fetus is complex. Three clinical cases with fetal losses following motor vehicle accidents raise important issues regarding the legal status of the unborn child. Legislation was submitted to the New South Wales Parliament in the form of the Crimes Amendment (Grievous Bodily Harm) Bill 2005 (NSW) but was subsequently repealed.

Low PAPP-A: what are the clinical implications?

Ultrasound and pulsed Doppler can assist in confirming impaired placentation looking at fetal biometry and umbilical artery Dopplers. The authors recommend confirmation of fetal wellbeing at 28-30 weeks with a PAPP-A level below the first centile.

Ultrasound of ovarian dermoids - sonographic findings of a dermoid cyst in a 41-year-old woman with an elevated serum hCG.

Ovarian dermoid cysts are made up of solid, cystic and fat tissue. These components give rise to characteristic sonographic features such as a fat-fluid level, dermoid mesh and tip of the iceberg sign. The presence of two or more of these typical features can be used to confidently diagnose a dermoid cyst on ultrasound.

Spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum during second stage of labour.

A 27-year-old healthy primigravida presented with spontaneous labour at 40 weeks gestation and proceeded to an unassisted vaginal delivery of a 3.2 kg infant. She immediately developed swelling in the neck and facial area associated with pleuritic chest pain.

Recurrent viable ectopic pregnancy in the salpingectomy stump.

Ipsilateral ectopic pregnancy after total salpingectomy is a rare occurrence and in theory should not happen. We report a case where a spontaneous ectopic pregnancy was found in the stump of the previously removed tube. This case highlights the need for further consideration of the diagnosis of an ectopic pregnancy in the setting of a previous ipsilateral salpingectomy.

Absent fetal hand: a case report.

Isolated congenital fetal hand malformation is a rare finding. The prevalence of limb reduction deformities is about 3-8 per 20,000 births. An isolated amputation of an extremity can be due to amniotic band syndrome, exposure to a teratogen or a vascular accident.

RBC motion and the basis of ultrasound Doppler instrumentation.

Ultrasonography has become one of the most popular techniques for noninvasive body assessment. The advent of sophisticated Doppler imaging has added an "information about blood flow" dimension. However, searching for complex details, despite enhanced system design and capabilities, place an increased demand on the operator.

Endoscopic ureterotomy for the treatment of ureteric stricture following laparoscopic oophorectomy.

We report a case of ureteric stricture formation in a 40-year-old woman after laparoscopic salpingo-oophorectomy and ureterolysis for removal of a large benign ovarian cyst. Ten days postoperatively, she was examined for gradually increasing loin pain and was found to have a short-segment ureteric stricture. She was initially treated conservatively by placement of a ureteric stent.