Novel cardiac biomarkers and multiple-marker approach in the early detection, prognosis, and risk stratification of cardiac diseases.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, necessitating innovative diagnostic and prognostic strategies. Traditional biomarkers like C-reactive protein, uric acid, troponin, and natriuretic peptides play crucial roles in CVD management, yet they are often limited by sensitivity and specificity constraints. This narrative review critically examines the emerging landscape of cardiac biomarkers and advocates for a multiple-marker approach to enhance early detection, prognosis, and risk stratification of CVD.

Gut-brain connection in schizophrenia: A narrative review.

Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by cognitive, emotional, and behavioral impairments. The microbiota-gut-brain axis is crucial in its pathophysiology, mediating communication between the gut and brain through neural, immune, endocrine, and metabolic pathways. Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in gut microbiota, is linked to neuroinflammation, systemic inflammation, and neurotransmitter disruptions, all of which contribute to the symptoms of schizophrenia.