Impact of urban heat island effect on dengue incidence: a remote sensing approach using thermal and high-resolution optical imagery.

Dengue fever, identified by the World Health Organization as a significant global health threat, is the fastest-spreading mosquito-borne viral disease transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Annually, 100-400 million cases are reported, with over 14 million cases and 10,000 deaths in 2024 alone, highlighting the public health challenge of dengue, especially in tropical and subtropical urban areas. The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect is a critical factor in dengue transmission, creating favorable conditions for Aedes mosquitoes.