AutoDPS: An unsupervised diffusion model based method for multiple degradation removal in MRI.

Background And Objective: Diffusion models have demonstrated their ability in image generation and solving inverse problems like restoration. Unlike most existing deep-learning based image restoration techniques which rely on unpaired or paired data for degradation awareness, diffusion models offer an unsupervised degradation independent alternative. This is well-suited in the context of restoring artifact-corrupted Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI), where it is impractical to exactly model the degradations apriori.

A large normative connectome for exploring the tractographic correlates of focal brain interventions.

Diffusion-weighted MRI (dMRI) is a widely used neuroimaging modality that permits the in vivo exploration of white matter connections in the human brain. Normative structural connectomics - the application of large-scale, group-derived dMRI datasets to out-of-sample cohorts - have increasingly been leveraged to study the network correlates of focal brain interventions, insults, and other regions-of-interest (ROIs). Here, we provide a normative, whole-brain connectome in MNI space that enables researchers to interrogate fiber streamlines that are likely perturbed by given ROIs, even in the absence of subject-specific dMRI data.

Ipsilateral and axial tremor response to focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor: clinical outcomes and probabilistic mapping.

Background: MR-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) thalamotomy has been shown to be a safe and effective treatment for essential tremor (ET).

Objective: To investigate the effects of MRgFUS in patients with ET with an emphasis on ipsilateral-hand and axial tremor subscores.

Methods: Tremor scores and adverse effects of 100 patients treated between 2012 and 2018 were assessed at 1 week, 3, 12, and 24 months.

Dysgeusia induced and resolved by focused ultrasound thalamotomy: case report.

Dysgeusia, or distorted taste, has recently been acknowledged as a complication of thalamic ablation or thalamic deep brain stimulation as a treatment of tremor. In a unique patient, left-sided MR-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy improved right-sided essential tremor but also induced severe dysgeusia. Although dysgeusia persisted and caused substantial weight loss, tremor slowly relapsed.

Predicting optimal deep brain stimulation parameters for Parkinson's disease using functional MRI and machine learning.

Commonly used for Parkinson's disease (PD), deep brain stimulation (DBS) produces marked clinical benefits when optimized. However, assessing the large number of possible stimulation settings (i.e.

Probabilistic Mapping of Deep Brain Stimulation: Insights from 15 Years of Therapy.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) depends on precise delivery of electrical current to target tissues. However, the specific brain structures responsible for best outcome are still debated. We applied probabilistic stimulation mapping to a retrospective, multidisorder DBS dataset assembled over 15 years at our institution (n = 482 patients; n = 303; n = 64; n = 39; n = 76) to identify the neuroanatomical substrates of optimal clinical response.

Mapping the network underpinnings of central poststroke pain and analgesic neuromodulation.

Central poststroke pain (CPSP) is a debilitating and often treatment-refractory condition that affects numerous stroke patients. The location of lesions most likely to cause pain and the identity of the functional brain networks that they impinge upon remain incompletely understood. We aimed to (1) elucidate which lesion locations are most frequently accompanied by pain; (2) explore CPSP-associated functional networks; and (3) examine how neuromodulation interacts with these networks.

Probing the circuitry of panic with deep brain stimulation: Connectomic analysis and review of the literature.

Background: Panic attacks affect a sizeable proportion of the population. The neurocircuitry of panic remains incompletely understood.

Objective: To investigate the neuroanatomical underpinnings of panic attacks induced by deep brain stimulation (DBS) through (1) connectomic analysis of an obsessive-compulsive disorder patient who experienced panic attacks during inferior thalamic peduncle DBS; (2) appraisal of existing clinical reports on DBS-induced panic attacks.

Longitudinal Resting State Functional Connectivity Predicts Clinical Outcome in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) affects about 42 million people worldwide. It is often associated with headache, cognitive deficits, and balance difficulties but rarely shows any abnormalities on conventional computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Although in most mTBI patients the symptoms resolve within 3 months, 10-15% of patients continue to exhibit symptoms beyond a year.

Multiband fMRI as a plausible, time-saving technique for resting-state data acquisition: Study on functional connectivity mapping using graph theoretical measures.

Background And Objectives: Ensuring patient comfort and compliance by emphasizing reduced time frame for image acquisition, without compromising image quality is the key aspect with functional MRI examination. Multiband resting state fMRI (MB-rsfMRI) is a fairly new technique that potentially shortens MR image acquisition time by providing increased number of time points. The study aims to compare signal characteristics as well as the functional connectivity using conventional resting-state fMRI (rsfMRI) with that of MB-rsfMRI technique.

Recursive feature elimination for biomarker discovery in resting-state functional connectivity.

Biomarker discovery involves finding correlations between features and clinical symptoms to aid clinical decision. This task is especially difficult in resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data due to low SNR, high-dimensionality of images, inter-subject and intra-subject variability and small numbers of subjects compared to the number of derived features. Traditional univariate analysis suffers from the problem of multiple comparisons.

Reproducibility and Temporal Structure in Weekly Resting-State fMRI over a Period of 3.5 Years.

Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) permits study of the brain's functional networks without requiring participants to perform tasks. Robust changes in such resting state networks (RSNs) have been observed in neurologic disorders, and rs-fMRI outcome measures are candidate biomarkers for monitoring clinical trials, including trials of extended therapeutic interventions for rehabilitation of patients with chronic conditions. In this study, we aim to present a unique longitudinal dataset reporting on a healthy adult subject scanned weekly over 3.

Disruption of functional organization within the primary motor cortex in children with autism.

Accumulating evidence suggests that motor impairments are prevalent in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), relate to the social and communicative deficits at the core of the diagnosis and may reflect abnormal connectivity within brain networks underlying motor control and learning. Parcellation of resting-state functional connectivity data using spectral clustering approaches has been shown to be an effective means of visualizing functional organization within the brain but has most commonly been applied to explorations of normal brain function. This article presents a parcellation of a key area of the motor network, the primary motor cortex (M1), a key area of the motor control network, in adults, typically developing (TD) children and children with ASD and introduces methods for selecting the number of parcels, matching parcels across groups and testing group differences.

Depressive symptoms in prodromal Huntington's Disease correlate with Stroop-interference related functional connectivity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

Huntington's Disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) triplet repeat-expansion in the Huntingtin (HTT) gene. Diagnosis of HD is classically defined by the presence of motor symptoms; however, cognitive and depressive symptoms frequently precede motor manifestations, and may occur early in the prodromal phase. There are sparse data so far on functional brain correlates of depressive symptoms in prodromal HD.

Atlas-based analysis of resting-state functional connectivity: evaluation for reproducibility and multi-modal anatomy-function correlation studies.

Resting state functional connectivity MRI (rsfc-MRI) reveals a wealth of information about the functional organization of the brain, but poses unique challenges for quantitative image analysis, mostly related to the large number of voxels with low signal-to-noise ratios. In this study, we tested the idea of using a prior spatial parcellation of the entire brain into various structural units, to perform an analysis on a structure-by-structure, rather than voxel-by-voxel, basis. This analysis, based upon atlas parcels, potentially offers enhanced SNR and reproducibility, and can be used as a common anatomical framework for cross-modality and cross-subject quantitative analysis.

Impaired cortico-striatal functional connectivity in prodromal Huntington's Disease.

Huntington's Disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a CAG triplet-repeat expansion-mutation in the Huntingtin gene. Subjects at risk for HD can be identified by genetic testing in the prodromal phase. Structural changes of basal-ganglia nuclei such as the caudate nucleus are well-replicated findings observable early in prodromal-HD subjects and may be preceded by distinct functional alterations of cortico-striatal circuits.

Motor "dexterity"?: Evidence that left hemisphere lateralization of motor circuit connectivity is associated with better motor performance in children.

Motor control relies on well-established motor circuits, which are critical for typical child development. Although many imaging studies have examined task activation during motor performance, none have examined the relationship between functional intrinsic connectivity and motor ability. The current study investigated the relationship between resting state functional connectivity within the motor network and motor performance assessment outside of the scanner in 40 typically developing right-handed children.

Optogenetic-guided cortical plasticity after nerve injury.

Peripheral nerve injury causes sensory dysfunctions that are thought to be attributable to changes in neuronal activity occurring in somatosensory cortices both contralateral and ipsilateral to the injury. Recent studies suggest that distorted functional response observed in deprived primary somatosensory cortex (S1) may be the result of an increase in inhibitory interneuron activity and is mediated by the transcallosal pathway. The goal of this study was to develop a strategy to manipulate and control the transcallosal activity to facilitate appropriate plasticity by guiding the cortical reorganization in a rat model of sensory deprivation.

On the relationship between seed-based and ICA-based measures of functional connectivity.

Brain functional connectivity (FC) refers to inter-regional synchrony of low frequency fluctuations in blood oxygenation level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging. FC has been evaluated both during task performance and in the "resting" state, yielding reports of FC differences correlated with behavior and diagnosis. Two methodologies are widely used for evaluating FC from blood oxygenation level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging data: Temporal correlation with a specified seed voxel or small region of interest; and spatial independent component analysis.

Discovery of gradient pattern in dominant frequency maps during fibrillation: implication of rotor drift and epicardial conduction velocity changes.

Dominant frequency (DF) maps for mapping epicardial activations of ventricular fibrillation (VF) have been studied mainly using fast Fourier transform (FFT). Small and discrete DF domains exhibited in these DF maps have undermined the hypothesis of mother rotor for VF maintenance. We applied continuous Fourier transform (CFT) to generate high-precision DF maps and studied characteristics of these high-precision DF maps.

Assessing quality of hybridized RNA in Affymetrix GeneChip experiments using mixed-effects models.

The technology for hybridizing archived tissue specimens and the use of laser-capture microdissection for selecting cell populations for RNA extraction have increased over the past few years. Both these methods contribute to RNA degradation. Therefore, quality assessments of RNA hybridized to microarrays are becoming increasingly more important.