Optimizing Anti-Snake Venom Strategies for Hemotoxic Envenomation in Northern India: Clinical Outcomes and Regional Challenge.

Snakebite envenomation, especially from hemotoxic species such as and , remains a significant public health challenge in the northern Indian states of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Himachal Pradesh. Despite the availability of polyvalent anti-snake venom (ASV), inconsistent dosing strategies, delayed administration, and disparities in healthcare contribute to high morbidity and mortality rates. This review examines optimal ASV dosing protocols, clinical outcomes, and host-specific factors that influence the therapeutic efficacy in hemotoxic envenomation.