Evolution in neuropsychiatric cis-regulatory enhancers through human-specific neuronal mutations within transcription factor binding sites.

cis-Regulatory elements (CREs) in multicellular genomes play a significant role in precise regulation of the genes. Increasing evidence has shown that alterations in CREs have had a drastic effect on the human brain evolution, neuronal cell adaptation and physiology. The human-specific sequence acceleration in CREs has not only changed the overall cognitive function of the human brain, but also seems to have strongly increased the risk of developing psychiatric disorders.