Arsenic exposure is associated with elevated sweat chloride concentration and airflow obstruction among adults in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study.

Arsenic is associated with lung disease and experimental models suggest that arsenic-induced degradation of the chloride channel CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) is a mechanism of arsenic toxicity. We examined associations between arsenic exposure, sweat chloride concentration (measure of CFTR function), and pulmonary function among 269 adults in Bangladesh. Participants with sweat chloride ≥ 60 mmol/L had higher arsenic exposures than those with sweat chloride < 60 mmol/L (water: median 77.

Imaging Evaluation of Mediastinal and Hilar Lymphadenopathy: Approach, Classification, and Differential Diagnosis.

Mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy is a frequent finding in thoracic imaging, necessitating thorough evaluation to distinguish between transient, reactive, malignant, and non-malignant causes. This review explores the anatomy, function, and drainage patterns of thoracic lymph nodes, including the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) classification system, which standardizes lymph node stations for lung cancer staging and broader diagnostic applications. Imaging modalities such as chest radiography (CXR) and computed tomography (CT) play crucial roles in assessing lymphadenopathy, with CT being the preferred tool due to its ability to characterize size, shape, borders, density, and enhancement patterns.

Durvalumab Combined With Pemetrexed-Based Chemotherapy in Trial-Ineligible Patients With Mesothelioma: A Brief Report.

Introduction: Chemoimmunotherapy is associated with promising activity in mesothelioma in phase II to III trials. Studies exploring this approach in patients ineligible for clinical trials are lacking. We assembled a cohort of patients receiving pemetrexed-based chemotherapy with durvalumab outside of clinical trials.

Lung Carcinoid Tumors With Potentially Actionable Genomic Alterations and Responses to Targeted Therapies.

Background: Effective treatments for patients with advanced lung carcinoids remain limited. The prevalence of potentially actionable genomic alterations (AGAs) among lung carcinoids is not well-understood.

Materials And Methods: Lung carcinoids submitted for next-generation sequencing (NGS) at a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)-certified genomics laboratory from September 2013 to March 2024 were retrospectively investigated to determine prevalence of AGAs.

Generalizability of AI-based image segmentation and centering estimation algorithm: a multi-region, multi-center, and multi-scanner study.

We created and validated an open-access AI algorithm (AIc) for assessing image segmentation and patient centering in a multi-body-region, multi-center, and multi-scanner study. Our study included 825 head, chest, and abdomen-pelvis CT from 275 patients (153 females, 128 males; mean age 67 ± 14 years) scanned at five academic and community hospitals. CT images were processed with the AIc to determine vertical and horizontal centering at the skull base (head CT), carina (chest CT), and L2-L3 disc (abdomen CT).

Alectinib combined with cobimetinib in ALK-Rearranged lung Cancer: A phase IB study.

Introduction: Anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearranged (ALK + ) lung cancers often develop ALK-independent resistance mechanisms that reactivate the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway signaling pathway. We therefore evaluated alectinib combined with the MEK inhibitor cobimetinib in metastatic ALK + lung cancer.

Materials And Methods: This phase Ib study employed a 3 + 3 design.

Phase I/II Investigator-Initiated Study of Olaparib and Temozolomide in SCLC: Final Analysis and CNS Outcomes.

Purpose: Temozolomide plus PARP inhibition has shown promise in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). We previously reported outcomes from the first 50 patients (cohort 1) of a phase I/II trial of olaparib/temozolomide in recurrent SCLC. In this study, we report a final analysis of this trial, including a second cohort with an alternate dosing strategy and an exploratory analysis of central nervous system (CNS)-specific outcomes.

Arsenic exposure is associated with elevated sweat chloride concentration and airflow obstruction among adults in Bangladesh: a cross sectional study.

Arsenic is associated with lung disease and experimental models suggest that arsenic-induced degradation of the chloride channel CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) is a mechanism of arsenic toxicity. We examined associations between arsenic exposure, sweat chloride concentration (measure of CFTR function), and pulmonary function among 285 adults in Bangladesh. Participants with sweat chloride ≥ 60 mmol/L had higher arsenic exposures than those with sweat chloride < 60 mmol/L (water: median 77.

The Potential Clinical Utility of an Artificial Intelligence Model for Identification of Vertebral Compression Fractures in Chest Radiographs.

Purpose: To assess the ability of the Annalise Enterprise CXR Triage Trauma (Annalise AI Pty Ltd, Sydney, NSW, Australia) artificial intelligence model to identify vertebral compression fractures on chest radiographs and its potential to address undiagnosed osteoporosis and its treatment.

Materials And Methods: This retrospective study used a consecutive cohort of 596 chest radiographs from four US hospitals between 2015 and 2021. Each radiograph included both frontal (anteroposterior or posteroanterior) and lateral projections.

Early Detection of Heart Failure with Autonomous AI-Based Model Using Chest Radiographs: A Multicenter Study.

The opportunistic use of radiological examinations for disease detection can potentially enable timely management. We assessed if an index created by an AI software to quantify chest radiography (CXR) findings associated with heart failure (HF) could distinguish between patients who would develop HF or not within a year of the examination. Our multicenter retrospective study included patients who underwent CXR without an HF diagnosis.

Clinical Intricacies and Advances in Neuroendocrine Tumors: An Organ-Based Multidisciplinary Approach.

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are rare neoplasms originating from neuroendocrine cells, with increasing incidence due to enhanced detection methods. These tumors display considerable heterogeneity, necessitating diverse management strategies based on factors like organ of origin and tumor size. This article provides a comprehensive overview of therapeutic approaches for NENs, emphasizing the role of imaging in treatment decisions.

Efficacy and Safety of Dose-Escalated Alectinib in Patients With Metastatic ALK-Positive NSCLC and Central Nervous System Relapse on Standard-Dose Alectinib.

Introduction: Central nervous system (CNS) metastases remain a common challenge in patients with ALK-positive NSCLC. We previously reported reinduction of CNS responses using dose-intensified alectinib in two patients with CNS progression on standard-dose alectinib. Nevertheless, this strategy has not been assessed in larger cohorts.

Surgical Resection of Benign Nodules in Lung Cancer Screening: Incidence and Features.

Introduction: Interventions and surgical procedures are common for nonmalignant lung lesions detected on lung cancer screening (LCS). Inadvertent surgical resection of benign nodules with a clinical suspicion of lung cancer can occur, can be associated with complications, and adds to the cost of screening. The objective of this study is to assess the characteristics of surgically resected benign nodules detected on LCS computed tomography which were presumed to be lung cancers.

Correlation of Radiomics with Treatment Response in Liver Metastases.

Rationale And Objectives: To assess differences in radiomics derived from semi-automatic segmentation of liver metastases for stable disease (SD), partial response (PR), and progressive disease (PD) based on RECIST1.1 and to assess if radiomics alone at baseline can predict response.

Materials And Methods: Our IRB-approved study included 203 women (mean age 54 ± 11 years) with metastatic liver disease from breast cancer.

Lorlatinib and capmatinib in a ROS1-rearranged NSCLC with MET-driven resistance: tumor response and evolution.

Acquired drug resistance remains a major problem across oncogene-addicted cancers. Elucidation of mechanisms of resistance can inform rational treatment strategies for patients relapsing on targeted therapies while offering insights into tumor evolution. Here, we report acquired MET amplification as a resistance driver in a ROS1-rearranged lung adenocarcinoma after sequential treatment with ROS1 inhibitors.

Impact of Baseline Interstitial Lung Abnormalities on Pneumonitis Risk in Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

Introduction/background: Immune-related pneumonitis is a potentially fatal complication of treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is associated with increased risk for pneumonitis, but the impact of interstitial abnormalities (ILA) in the absence of ILD has not been extensively assessed. We examined the relationship between ILA on pretreatment chest computed tomography (CT) scans and risk of pneumonitis in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Dual-Energy Computed Tomography Applications in Lung Cancer.

This article examines the intrathoracic applications for dual-energy computed tomography (DECT), focusing on lung cancer. The topics covered include the image data sets, methods for iodine quantification, and clinical applications. The applications of DECT are to differentiate benign and malignant lung nodules, determining the grade of lung cancer and expression of ki-67 expression.

Imaging in Lung Transplantation: Surgical Techniques and Complications.

Lung transplant is an established treatment for patients with end-stage lung disease. As a result, there is increased demand for transplants. Despite improvements in pretransplant evaluation, surgical techniques, and postsurgical care, the average posttransplant life expectancy is only around 6.