Altered brain state dynamics between preterm and term-born infants.

Preterm birth alters the development of infant brain networks. However, most prior studies investigate its effects on static brain networks rather than dynamic brain states. Increasing evidence shows that brain state dynamics reflect cognitive processes beyond what is revealed by static brain networks.

Correction: Cingulate transcranial direct current stimulation in adults with HIV.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Regional homogeneity as a marker of sensory cortex dysmaturity in preterm infants.

Atypical perinatal sensory experience in preterm infants is thought to increase their risk of neurodevelopmental disabilities by altering the development of the sensory cortices. Here, we used resting-state fMRI data from preterm and term-born infants scanned between 32 and 48 weeks post-menstrual age to assess the effect of early ex-utero exposure on sensory cortex development. Specifically, we utilized a measure of local correlated-ness called regional homogeneity (ReHo).

Evidence for a Spoken Word Lexicon in the Auditory Ventral Stream.

The existence of a neural representation for whole words (i.e., a lexicon) is a common feature of many models of speech processing.

Metamodal Coupling of Vibrotactile and Auditory Speech Processing Systems through Matched Stimulus Representations.

It has been postulated that the brain is organized by "metamodal," sensory-independent cortical modules capable of performing tasks (e.g., word recognition) in both "standard" and novel sensory modalities.

Cingulate transcranial direct current stimulation in adults with HIV.

Background: Neuronal dysfunction plays an important role in the high prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in people with HIV (PWH). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)-with its capability to improve neuronal function-may have the potential to serve as an alternative therapeutic approach for HAND. Brain imaging and neurobehavioral studies provide converging evidence that injury to the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is highly prevalent and contributes to HAND in PWH, suggesting that ACC may serve as a potential neuromodulation target for HAND.

From shape to meaning: Evidence for multiple fast feedforward hierarchies of concept processing in the human brain.

A number of fMRI studies have provided support for the existence of multiple concept representations in areas of the brain such as the anterior temporal lobe (ATL) and inferior parietal lobule (IPL). However, the interaction among different conceptual representations remains unclear. To better understand the dynamics of how the brain extracts meaning from sensory stimuli, we conducted a human high-density electroencephalography (EEG) study in which we first trained participants to associate pseudowords with various animal and tool concepts.

Cortical Low-Frequency Power and Progressive Phase Synchrony Precede Successful Memory Encoding.

Unlabelled: Neural activity preceding an event can influence subsequent memory formation, yet the precise cortical dynamics underlying this activity and the associated cognitive states remain unknown. We investigate these questions here by examining intracranial EEG recordings as 28 participants with electrodes placed for seizure monitoring participated in a verbal paired-associates memory task. We found that, preceding successfully remembered word pairs, an orientation cue triggered a low-frequency 2-4 Hz phase reset in the right temporoparietal junction with concurrent increases in low-frequency power across cortical regions that included the prefrontal cortex and left temporal lobe.