Expression of spike and hemagglutinin-esterase proteins is necessary to recover infectious recombinant bovine coronavirus.

Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a significant pathogen in cattle, and its virological analysis has been hampered by the difficulty in isolating and culturing field isolates with high titers. Here, we successfully generated recombinant BCoV using an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome DNA clone co-expressing the BCoV spike (S) and hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) proteins. We also investigated the role of trypsin in BCoV culture using a recombinant virus expressing the ZsGreen reporter gene (Rec-BCoV-Kakegawa-ZsGreen).

Amino acid T25 in the substrate-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 nsp5 is involved in viral replication in the mouse lung.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) non-structural protein 5 (nsp5) is a cysteine protease involved in viral replication and suppression of the host immune system. The substrate-binding domain of nsp5 is important for its protease activity. However, the relationship between nsp5 protease activity and viral replication remains unclear.

Regulation viral RNA transcription and replication by higher-order RNA structures within the nsp1 coding region of MERS coronavirus.

Coronavirus (CoV) possesses numerous functional cis-acting elements in its positive-strand genomic RNA. Although most of these RNA structures participate in viral replication, the functions of RNA structures in the genomic RNA of CoV in viral replication remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the functions of the higher-order RNA stem-loop (SL) structures SL5B, SL5C, and SL5D in the ORF1a coding region of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in viral replication.

Eight-amino-acid sequence at the N-terminus of SARS-CoV-2 nsp1 is involved in stabilizing viral genome replication.

Coronavirus disease 19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) enveloped virus with a single-stranded positive-sense ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome. The CoV non-structural protein (nsp) 1 is a multifunctional protein that undergoes translation shutoff, messenger RNA (mRNA) cleavage, and RNA binding. The C-terminal region is involved in translational shutoff and RNA cleavage.

Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Spreads from Pigs and Sheep in Mongolia.

Hepatitis E is a viral infectious disease in pigs, wild boars, cows, deer, rabbits, camels, and humans as hosts caused by . Recently, it has been detected in a wide variety of animals including domestic small ruminants. Mongolia is a land of nomadic people living with livestock such as sheep, goats, and cattle.