The significance of upper airway density of Streptococcus pneumoniae and respiratory viruses in the aetiology and severity of paediatric community-acquired pneumonia in Norway: An observational study.

Objectives: Diagnosing paediatric Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) is challenging due to the difficulty in obtaining lung specimens. Studies suggest that the upper-airway density of Streptococcus pneumoniae is related to the risk and severity of CAP. We studied the association between S.

The Burden of Human Bocavirus 1 in Hospitalized Children With Respiratory Tract Infections.

Background: Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) is frequently codetected with other viruses, and detected in asymptomatic children. Thus, the burden of HBoV1 respiratory tract infections (RTI) has been unknown. Using HBoV1-mRNA to indicate true HBoV1 RTI, we assessed the burden of HBoV1 in hospitalized children and the impact of viral codetections, compared with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

The Contribution of Viruses and Bacteria to Childhood Community-acquired Pneumonia: 11-Year Observational Study From Norway.

Background: Viruses are associated with pediatric community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) but are also common in the upper airways of healthy children. We have determined the contribution of respiratory viruses and bacteria by comparing children with CAP and hospital controls.

Methods: Children less than 16 years old with radiologically confirmed CAP (n = 715) were enrolled over an 11-year period.

Detection of subgenomic mRNA from endemic human coronavirus OC43 and NL63 compared to viral genomic loads, single virus detection and clinical manifestations in children with respiratory tract infections.

Background: The importance of endemic human coronavirus (HCoV) in children has been insufficiently elucidated upon. Our aims were to develop subgenomic (sg) mRNA tests for HCoV species OC43 and NL63, and to evaluate the relationships to HCoV genomic loads, single HCoV detections and clinical manifestations.

Methods: We have used an 11-yearlong cohort study of children admitted with respiratory tract infection (RTI) and hospital controls.

Hospitalized Children With Common Human Coronavirus Clinical Impact of Codetected Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Rhinovirus.

Background: The clinical impact of common human coronavirus (cHCoV) remains unclear. We studied the clinical manifestations of pediatric cHCoV infections and the possible modifying effects of codetected human rhinovirus (RV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

Methods: We used data from an 11-year-long prospective study of hospitalized children with community-acquired respiratory tract infections.

Viral and Atypical Bacterial Detection in Young Nepalese Children Hospitalized with Severe Pneumonia.

Respiratory viruses cause a substantial proportion of respiratory tract infections in children but are underrecognized as a cause of severe pneumonia hospitalization in low-income settings. We employed 22 real-time PCR assays and retrospectively reanalyzed 610 nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens from children aged 2 to 35 months with severe pneumonia (WHO definition) admitted to Kanti Childrens' Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal, from January 2006 through June 2008. Previously, ≥1 of 7 viruses had been detected by multiplex reverse transcription-PCR in 30% (188/627) of cases.

Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Trajectory of Emerging Echovirus 30, Europe.

In 2018, an upsurge in echovirus 30 (E30) infections was reported in Europe. We conducted a large-scale epidemiologic and evolutionary study of 1,329 E30 strains collected in 22 countries in Europe during 2016-2018. Most E30 cases affected persons 0-4 years of age (29%) and 25-34 years of age (27%).

Parechovirus A in Hospitalized Children With Respiratory Tract Infections: A 10-Year-Long Study From Norway.

Background: The role of Parechovirus A (PeV-A) in hospitalized children with respiratory tract infections (RTIs) is unclear. We studied the occurrence and impact of PeV-A over 10 years.

Methods: Children from Sør-Trøndelag County, Norway, hospitalized with RTI and a comparison group of asymptomatic children admitted to elective surgery, were prospectively enrolled from 2006 to 2016.

Human adenovirus in nasopharyngeal and blood samples from children with and without respiratory tract infections.

Background: Human adenovirus (HAdV) is a double-stranded DNA virus associated with respiratory tract infections (RTI) in children. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, HAdV often is detected together with other virus species, even in healthy controls.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare molecular detection of HAdV with culture, and to examine the associations of various methods to RTI.

Recommendations for enterovirus diagnostics and characterisation within and beyond Europe.

Enteroviruses (EV) can cause severe neurological and respiratory infections, and occasionally lead to devastating outbreaks as previously demonstrated with EV-A71 and EV-D68 in Europe. However, these infections are still often underdiagnosed and EV typing data is not currently collected at European level. In order to improve EV diagnostics, collate data on severe EV infections and monitor the circulation of EV types, we have established European non-polio enterovirus network (ENPEN).

The Burden of Human Metapneumovirus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections in Hospitalized Norwegian Children.

Background: The burden of severe human metapneumovirus (HMPV) respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in European children has not been clarified. We assessed HMPV in Norwegian children and compared hospitalization rates for HMPV and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

Methods: We prospectively enrolled children (<16 years old) hospitalized with RTI and asymptomatic controls (2006-2015).

Comparing Human Metapneumovirus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Viral Co-Detections, Genotypes and Risk Factors for Severe Disease.

Background: It is unclarified as to whether viral co-detection and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) genotypes relate to clinical manifestations in children with HMPV and lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), and if the clinical course and risk factors for severe LRTI differ between HMPV and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

Methods: We prospectively enrolled hospitalized children aged <16 years with LRTI from 2006 to 2015. Children were clinically examined, and nasopharyngeal aspirates were analyzed using semi-quantitative, real-time polymerase chain reaction tests for HMPV, RSV and 17 other pathogens.

Respiratory Virus Detection and Clinical Diagnosis in Children Attending Day Care.

Background: Respiratory viruses often have been studied in children with respiratory tract infection (RTI), but less knowledge exists about viruses in asymptomatic children. We have studied the occurrence of a broad panel of respiratory viruses in apparently healthy children attending day care, taking into account the influence of possible confounding factors, such as age, clinical signs of respiratory tract infection (RTI), location (day-care section) and season.

Methods: We have studied 161 children in two day-care centers, each with separate sections for younger and older children, during four autumn and winter visits over a two-year period.

Cytokine Profiles in Human Metapneumovirus Infected Children: Identification of Genes Involved in the Antiviral Response and Pathogenesis.

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) causes severe airway infection in children that may be caused by an unfavorable immune response. The nature of the innate immune response to hMPV in naturally occurring infections in children is largely undescribed, and it is unknown if inflammasome activation is implicated in disease pathogenesis. We examined nasopharynx aspirates and blood samples from hMPV-infected children without detectable co-infections.

Severe parechovirus infection in Norwegian infants.

Background: Human parechovirus genotype 3 (HPeV-3) has been linked to meningoencephalitis and sepsis-like disease in infants younger than 3 months.

Methods: We present clinical and phylogenetic characteristics of 15 infants who were admitted with HPeV-3 infections to 3 hospitals in Norway during a period of 7 months in 2011.

Results: Eleven patients had a sepsis-like disease, and meningoencephalitis was found in 10.

Detection of spliced mRNA from human bocavirus 1 in clinical samples from children with respiratory tract infections.

Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) is a parvovirus associated with respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in children, but a causal relation has not yet been confirmed. To develop a qualitative reverse transcription PCR to detect spliced mRNA from HBoV1 and to determine whether HBoV1 mRNA correlated better with RTIs than did HBoV1 DNA, we used samples from HBoV1 DNA-positive children, with and without RTIs, to evaluate the test. A real-time reverse transcription PCR, targeting 2 alternatively spliced mRNAs, was developed.

Human bocavirus in children: mono-detection, high viral load and viraemia are associated with respiratory tract infection.

Background And Objectives: Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) has recently been detected in children with respiratory tract infections (RTI). In order to study whether HBoV1 can cause RTI, we investigated its presence in children with upper RTI (URTI), lower RTI (LRTI) and a control group of children without RTI.

Study Design: Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) and blood samples were collected from children admitted to hospital with RTI from 6 June 2007 to 28 February 2009 (n=1154), and from children admitted for elective surgery who had no RTI (n=162).

Human bocavirus commonly involved in multiple viral airway infections.

Background: Human bocavirus (HBoV) was recently discovered in children with acute respiratory tract infections. We have included a PCR for HBoV in a study on airway infections in children.

Objectives: To study the occurrence of HBoV in Norwegian children, and to evaluate the results of a semiquantitative PCR.