Chloroquine Alone and Combined with Antifungal Drug Against Candida albicans Biofilms In Vitro and In Vivo via Autophagy Inhibition.

Objectives: Candida albicans (C. albicans) is a common opportunistic fungal pathogen that poses a serious threat to human health. Autophagy inhibition decreased the resistance of C.

Genetic variants in BCL-2 family genes influence the risk of non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate.

Background: The BCL-2 family is crucial for cell death regulation and is involved in development, tissue homeostasis, and immunity. This study aimed to investigate the association between genetic variants in BCL-2 family genes and non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) risk.

Methods: A two-stage case-control study was conducted in this association study.

TLR2 deficiency enhances susceptibility to oral carcinogenesis by promoting an inflammatory environment.

Inflammation is closely related to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, its mechanism is still obscure. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) plays an important role in oral chronic inflammatory diseases, but the role of TLR2 in OSCC is unclear.

Farnesol inhibits development of caries by augmenting oxygen sensitivity and suppressing virulence-associated gene expression inStreptococcus mutans.

Streptococcus mutans is a primary etiological agent of dental caries. Farnesol, as a potential antimicrobial agent, inhibits the development ofS. mutans biofilm.

Possible inhibitory molecular mechanism of farnesol on the development of fluconazole resistance in Candida albicans biofilm.

Candida albicans biofilm infections are usually treated with azole antifungals such as fluconazole. However, the development of resistance to this drug in C. albicans biofilms is very common, especially in immunocompromised individuals.