Special Issue: Association between type-2 diabetes and Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

A metabolic disease resulting in elevated blood glucose levels, type-2 diabetes affects approximately 462 million people globally. Although its prevalence appears to be increasing, type-2 diabetes has been associated with various potentially preventable risk factors, including infectious diseases. The protozoal infection with Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle et Manceaux, 1908) has been associated with type-2 diabetes in two previous meta-analyses.

Human Papillomavirus Positivity and Cognitive Function in Older U.S. Adults: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Study.

Prior research has reported an association between human papillomavirus (HPV) seropositivity and dementia or Alzheimer's disease. This study aimed to cross-sectionally investigate the association between HPV seropositivity and cognitive function in older adults. The data used for this study were from the 2011-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles.

Infectious Disease as a Modifiable Risk Factor for Dementia: A Narrative Review.

This narrative review examines infectious diseases as modifiable risk factors for dementia, particularly in the context of an aging global population. As the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias is expected to rise, prevention has become increasingly important due to the limited efficacy of current treatments. Emerging evidence links specific infectious diseases to increased dementia risk, possibly through mechanisms like neuroinflammation and disruption to normal cell function.

Infection burden, periodontal pathogens, and their interactive association with incident all-cause and Alzheimer's disease dementia in a large national survey.

Introduction: Relationships and interplay of an infection burden (IB) and periodontal pathogens or periodontal disease (Pd) markers with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and all-cause dementia among US adults were examined.

Methods: Less than or equal to 2997 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Survey III were linked to CMS-Medicare [≥45 years (1988-1994); ≤30 years follow-up].

Results: Hepatitis C (hazard ratio = 3.

Psychiatric Disease as a Potential Risk Factor for Dementia: A Narrative Review.

Neurodegenerative disease is a major global health problem with 150 million people predicted to have dementia by 2050. Genetic factors, environmental factors, demographics, and some diseases have been associated with dementia. In addition to associations between diseases such as hypertension and cerebrovascular disease and dementia, emerging findings associate some psychiatric disorders with incident dementia.

Human Cytomegalovirus Infection and Neurocognitive and Neuropsychiatric Health.

A common infection, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been associated with a variety of human diseases, including cardiovascular disease and possibly certain cancers. HCMV has also been associated with cognitive, psychiatric, and neurological conditions. Children with congenital or early-life HCMV are at risk for microcephaly, cerebral palsy, and sensorineural hearing loss, although in many cases sensorineural loss may resolve.

, persistent infection burden and structural brain imaging markers.

Persistent infections, whether viral, bacterial or parasitic, including infection, have been implicated in non-communicable diseases, including dementia and other neurodegenerative diseases. In this cross-sectional study, data on 635 cognitively normal participants from the UK Biobank study (2006-21, age range: 40-70 years) were used to examine whether seropositivity (e.g.

Hospital-Acquired Infection at Time of Stroke and Cognitive Decline: The Cardiovascular Health Study.

Introduction: Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) after stroke are associated with additional morbidity and mortality, but whether HAIs increase long-term cognitive decline in stroke patients is unknown. We hypothesized that older adults with incident stroke with HAI experience faster cognitive decline than those having stroke without HAI and those without stroke.

Methods: We performed a longitudinal analysis in the population-based prospective Cardiovascular Health Study.

Cardiovascular health, infection burden and their interactive association with brain volumetric and white matter integrity outcomes in the UK Biobank.

Background: Cardiovascular health is associated with brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers of pathology and infections may modulate this association.

Methods: Using data from 38,803 adults (aged 40-70 years) and followed-up for 5-15 years, we tested associations of prevalent total (47.5%) and hospital-treated infection burden (9.

Regional Cortical Thickness Correlates of Intellectual Abilities Differ in Children With Traumatic Brain Injury Versus Those With Orthopedic Injury in the Chronic Post-Injury Phase.

A decline in intellectual functioning (intelligence quotient [IQ]) is often observed following more severe forms of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is a useful index for long-term outcome. Identifying brain correlates of IQ can serve to inform developmental trajectories of behavior in this population. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we examined the relationship between intellectual abilities and patterns of cortical thickness in children with a history of TBI or with orthopedic injury (OI) in the chronic phase of injury recovery.

Cognitive function in UK adults seropositive for Helicobacter pylori.

Associated with gastritis, peptic-ulcer disease, and gastric carcinoma, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) also has been associated with decreased cognitive function and dementia. In this study, we used data from the UK Biobank to further examine associations between H.

Association between Infection and Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Type-1 diabetes, an autoimmune disease characterized by damage to pancreatic insulin-producing beta cells, is associated with adverse renal, retinal, cardiovascular, and cognitive outcomes, possibly including dementia. Moreover, the protozoal parasite has been associated with type-1 diabetes. To better characterize the association between type-1 diabetes and infection, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies that evaluated the relationship between type-1 diabetes and infection.

Executive functioning and social skills in children with epileptic seizures and non-epileptic seizures.

Children experiencing epileptic seizures (ES) and children experiencing non-epileptic seizures (NES) may experience deficits in both executive functioning and in social skills, but little research has examined differences in executive functioning between the two groups and no studies have examined the relationship between executive functioning and social skills in pediatric ES and NES groups. The purposes of this study were to determine if ES/NES group differences exist for executive functioning and to determine if executive functioning was related to social skills in these groups. Children (N = 43) were recruited from epilepsy monitoring units (EMU) at Primary Children's Medical Center and Phoenix Children's Hospital.

Association between toxocariasis seropositivity and serointensity and cognitive function in older U.S. adults.

The nematodes Toxocara canis (Werner, 1782) and Toxocara cati (Schrank, 1788) have been associated with worse human cognitive function in children and middle-aged adults. In this study, we sought to determine the association between Toxocara seropositivity and serointensity determined by detection of IgG antibodies against the Toxocara antigen recombinant Tc-CTL-1 and cognitive function in older adults, including approximately 1,350 observations from the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Mean fluorescence intensity was used to quantify IgG antibodies against the Toxocara recombinant Tc-CTL-1 antigen, and respondents were considered positive at values greater than 23.

Cytomegalovirus is not associated with cognitive function in UK adults aged 40 to 70 years.

Infecting much of the world's population, the herpesviridae virus cytomegalovirus has been associated with lower cognitive function in some but not all studies. In this study, we further investigate associations between cytomegalovirus and cognitive function in a community-based sample of adults aged 40 to 70 years (M = 55.3; SD = 8.

Association between Cognitive Function and Depression with Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus 1 Seropositivity and Serointensity in UK Adults.

Several viral, bacterial, and parasitic diseases have been associated with cognitive function and neuropsychiatric outcomes in humans, including human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1). In this study, we sought to further generalize previously reported associations of cognitive function and depression with HTLV-1 seropositivity and serointensity using a community-based sample of adults aged approximately 40 to 70 years (mean = 55.3 years) from the United Kingdom.

Examining the Relationship between and Seropositivity and Serointensity and Depression in Adults from the United Kingdom and the United States: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Infecting approximately one-third of the world's population, the neurotropic protozoan has been associated with cognition and several neuropsychiatric diseases including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Findings have been mixed, however, about the relationship between and depression, with some studies reporting positive associations and others finding no associations. To further investigate the association between and depression, we used data from the UK Biobank and the National Health and Examination Survey (NHANES).

Social-emotional functioning in pediatric hydrocephalus: comparison of the Hydrocephalus Outcome Questionnaire to the Behavior Assessment System for Children.

Objective: Hydrocephalus can impact all areas of health, including physical, cognitive, and social-emotional functioning. The social-emotional health of children who have had surgery for hydrocephalus is not well characterized. In this study, the authors sought to examine social-emotional functioning using the Behavior Assessment System for Children, Third Edition (BASC-3) and the Hydrocephalus Outcome Questionnaire (HOQ) in 66 children aged 5 to 17 years.

Association between Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity and serointensity and brain volume in adults: A cross-sectional study.

The intracellular protozoal parasite Toxoplasma gondii has been associated with worsened cognitive function in animal models and in humans. Despite these associations, the mechanisms by which Toxoplasma gondii might affect cognitive function remain unknown, although Toxoplasma gondii does produce physiologically active intraneuronal cysts and appears to affect dopamine synthesis. Using data from the UK Biobank, we sought to determine whether Toxoplasma gondii is associated with decreased prefrontal, hippocampal, and thalamic gray-matter volumes and with decreased total gray-matter and total white-matter volumes in an adult community-based sample.

Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity and serointensity and cognitive function in adults.

Infecting approximately one-third of the world's human population, Toxoplasma gondii has been associated with cognitive function. Here, we sought to further characterize the association between Toxoplasma gondii and cognitive function in a community sample of adults aged approximately 40 to70 years. Using adjusted linear regression models, we found associations of Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity with worse reasoning (b = -.

Neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric effects of toxocariasis.

Caused by the neuroinvasive nematodes Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati, human toxocariasis has a worldwide distribution with seroprevalence in humans associated with low socioeconomic status and low educational attainment. Third-stage Toxocara larvae can invade human tissues, including the brain and spine, where they can result in encephalitis, meningitis, and inflammation. Toxocara infection in animal models has been associated with cognitive and behavioural changes.

Association between exposure to air pollution and thalamus volume in adults: A cross-sectional study.

Background: Air pollution has been associated with cognitive function and brain volume. While most previous research has examined the association between air pollution and brain volume in cortical structures or total brain volume, less research has investigated associations between exposure to air pollution and subcortical structures, including the thalamus. Further, the few available previous studies investigating associations between air pollution and thalamic volume have shown mixed results.

Association between exposure to air pollution and prefrontal cortical volume in adults: A cross-sectional study from the UK biobank.

Associated with numerous cognitive and behavioral functions and with several diseases, the prefrontal cortex is vulnerable to environmental insult. Among other factors, toxins in air pollution have been associated with damage to the prefrontal cortex in children and older adults. We used data from the UK Biobank to assess further associations between an array of toxins in air pollution and gray matter in the prefrontal cortex including the left and right frontal poles, left and right superior frontal gyri, left and right frontal medial cortex, left and right orbitofrontal cortex, and left and right frontal opercula, using multivariate models adjusted for covariates that possibly could confound the association between air pollution and volume of prefrontal gray matter.

Association between Exposure to Air Pollution and Total Gray Matter and Total White Matter Volumes in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Total brain gray-matter and white-matter volumes can be indicators of overall brain health. Among the factors associated with gray-matter and white-matter volumes is exposure to air pollution. Using data from the UK Biobank, we sought to determine associations between several components of air pollution-PM, PM, PM, nitrogen dioxide, and nitrogen oxides-and total gray-matter and total white-matter volumes in multivariable regression models in a large sample of adults.

Association between exposure to air pollution and hippocampal volume in adults in the UK Biobank.

Background: The hippocampus is important for memory processing. Several neuropsychiatric diseases including Alzheimer's disease are associated with reduced hippocampal volume, and further the hippocampus appears vulnerable to environmental insult. Air pollution has been associated with cardiovascular disease, abnormal brain structure, and cognitive deficits.