Dynamics of inflammatory signals within the tumor microenvironment.

Tumor stroma, or tumor microenvironment (TME), has been in the spotlight during recent years for its role in tumor development, growth, and metastasis. It consists of a myriad of elements, including tumor-associated macrophages, cancer-associated fibroblasts, a deregulated extracellular matrix, endothelial cells, and vascular vessels. The release of proinflammatory molecules, due to the inflamed microenvironment, such as cytokines and chemokines is found to play a pivotal role in progression of cancer and response to therapy.

Beyond Low Prevalence: Exploring Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Profiles in Sri Lankan Helicobacter pylori with Comparative Genomics.

infects at least half the population worldwide, and its highly diverse genomic content correlates with its geographic distribution because of its prolonged relationship with humans. The extremely low infection prevalence alongside low inflammation severity observed in some countries might be caused by strains with low virulence potential. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whole-genome analysis datasets of Sri Lankan strains.

Spectrum of COVID-19 induced liver injury: A review report.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused changes in the global health system, causing significant setbacks in healthcare systems worldwide. This pandemic has also shown resilience, flexibility, and creativity in reacting to the tragedy. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection targets most of the respiratory tract, resulting in a severe sickness called acute respiratory distress syndrome that may be fatal in some individuals.

Susceptibility patterns and virulence genotypes of affecting eradication therapy outcomes among Egyptian patients with gastroduodenal diseases.

Background: () is a significant human pathogen that is responsible for a variety of illnesses, including mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, gastric cancer, peptic ulcers, and gastritis.

Aim: To investigate the frequency of infection and its resistance patterns among Egyptian patients and to determine the influence of virulence genetic determinants on the eradication success of 14-d triple therapy regimen.

Methods: infections were investigated in 72 patients with gastroduodenal complications suggestive of infection.

Animal Models and Infection.

colonize the gastric mucosa of at least half of the world's population. Persistent infection is associated with the development of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and an increased risk of gastric cancer and gastric-mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. In vivo studies using several animal models have provided crucial evidence for understanding the pathophysiology of -associated complications.

Helicobacter pylori Infection, Its Laboratory Diagnosis, and Antimicrobial Resistance: a Perspective of Clinical Relevance.

Despite the recent decrease in overall prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection, morbidity and mortality rates associated with gastric cancer remain high. The antimicrobial resistance developments and treatment failure are fueling the global burden of H. pylori-associated gastric complications.

It is time to define an organizational model for the prevention and management of infections along the surgical pathway: a worldwide cross-sectional survey.

Background: The objectives of the study were to investigate the organizational characteristics of acute care facilities worldwide in preventing and managing infections in surgery; assess participants' perception regarding infection prevention and control (IPC) measures, antibiotic prescribing practices, and source control; describe awareness about the global burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and IPC measures; and determine the role of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic on said awareness.

Methods: A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted contacting 1432 health care workers (HCWs) belonging to a mailing list provided by the Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery. The self-administered questionnaire was developed by a multidisciplinary team.

Pepsinogen and Serum IgG Detection Is a Valuable Diagnostic Method for Infection in a Low-Prevalence Country: A Report from Sri Lanka.

The use of serum anti- IgG and pepsinogen (PG) detection as a diagnostic method was evaluated in Sri Lanka. Gastric biopsies were performed (353 patients), and the prevalence of infection was 1.7% (culture) and 2.

The potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global antimicrobial and biocide resistance: an AMR Insights global perspective.

The COVID-19 pandemic presents a serious public health challenge in all countries. However, repercussions of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections on future global health are still being investigated, including the pandemic's potential effect on the emergence and spread of global antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Critically ill COVID-19 patients may develop severe complications, which may predispose patients to infection with nosocomial bacterial and/or fungal pathogens, requiring the extensive use of antibiotics.

Intestinal Carriage of Extended-Spectrum -Lactamase- (ESBL-) Possessing and Species among Nepalese Health Science and Non-Health Science Students.

Infections due to extended-spectrum -lactamase- (ESBL-) producing Gram-negative bacteria have led to increased mortality, morbidity, and economic burden worldwide. These bacteria can colonize the healthy intestine of human beings and can disseminate in communities and hospital. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of fecal carriage of ESBL-producing and species among health science (HS) and non-health science (NHS) students.

Epidemiology of Biofilm Producing Nosocomial Isolates from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Egypt: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Objective: This cross-sectional study aims to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of biofilm-producing nosocomial isolates from a tertiary care hospital, as well as to investigate any possible association of biofilm formation with the distribution of biofilm-related genotypes and antibiotic resistance phenotypes.

Methods: A total of 94 non-duplicate nosocomial isolates were identified, their biofilm formation was quantitatively detected using the modified microtiter plate assay, and their susceptibilities to different antibiotics were determined using the breakpoint method. Isolates were then subjected to PCR assays targeting A and genes.

Serum Helicobacter pylori antibody reactivity in seven Asian countries using an automated latex aggregation turbidity assay.

Background And Aim: To determine the application range of diagnostic kits utilizing anti-Helicobacter pylori antibody, we tested a newly developed latex aggregation turbidity assay (latex) and a conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (E-plate), both containing Japanese H. pylori protein lysates as antigens, using sera from seven Asian countries.

Methods: Serum samples (1797) were obtained, and standard H.

Virulence Factor Cytotoxin-Associated Gene A (CagA)-Mediated Gastric Pathogenicity.

causes persistent infection in the gastric epithelium of more than half of the world's population, leading to the development of severe complications such as peptic ulcer diseases, gastric cancer, and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Several virulence factors, including cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA), which is translocated into the gastric epithelium via the type 4 secretory system (T4SS), have been indicated to play a vital role in disease development. Although infection with strains harboring the East Asian type of CagA possessing the EPIYA-A, -B, and -D sequences has been found to potentiate cell proliferation and disease pathogenicity, the exact mechanism of CagA involvement in disease severity still remains to be elucidated.

Role of vacuolating cytotoxin A in infection and its impact on gastric pathogenesis.

Introduction Helicobacter pylori causes, via the influence of several virulence factors, persistent infection of the stomach, which leads to severe complications. Vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) is observed in almost all clinical strains of ; however, only some strains produce the toxigenic and pathogenic VacA, which is influenced by the gene sequence variations. VacA exerts its action by causing cell vacuolation and apoptosis.

Virulence Factors Exploiting Gastric Colonization and its Pathogenicity.

colonizes the gastric epithelial cells of at least half of the world's population, and it is the strongest risk factor for developing gastric complications like chronic gastritis, ulcer diseases, and gastric cancer. To successfully colonize and establish a persistent infection, the bacteria must overcome harsh gastric conditions. has a well-developed mechanism by which it can survive in a very acidic niche.

Recent advances in infection: focus on vaccine development.

normally colonizes the nasal cavity and pharynx. After breaching the normal habitat, the organism is able to cause a number of infections at any site of the body. The development of antibiotic resistance has created a global challenge for treating infections.

Epitope peptides of Helicobacter pylori CagA antibodies from sera by whole-peptide mapping.

Background: Helicobacter pylori CagA has been found to be immuno-dominant protein and utilized for the diagnosis of the infection with cagA-positive strains. It is important to characterize the peptide epitopes capable of detecting serum anti-CagA antibodies to understand CagA immunogenicity.

Methods: Sera from 171 Japanese patients were subjected for the epitope mapping study.

Diffuse Gastric Cancer: A Summary of Analogous Contributing Factors for Its Molecular Pathogenicity.

Gastric cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths and ranks as the fifth most common cancer worldwide. Incidence and mortality differ depending on the geographical region and gastric cancer ranks first in East Asian countries. Although genetic factors, gastric environment, and infection have been associated with the pathogenicity and development of intestinal-type gastric cancer that follows the Correa's cascade, the pathogenicity of diffuse-type gastric cancer remains mostly unknown and undefined.

Current understanding and management of infection: an updated appraisal.

In addition to its role in gastric conditions, has been found to contribute to the development of several non-gastric issues in recent years. Eradication therapy is the only effective management strategy to minimize the -related gastric cancer and extra-gastric complications. For an effective "test and treat" strategy, diagnosis and therapy are both important.

Helicobacter pylori bab characterization in clinical isolates from Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal and Bangladesh.

Background: Helicobacter pylori BabA is an important outer membrane protein that involves in the attachment to the gastric mucosa and enhances the virulence property of the bacterium. This study was aimed to characterize the bab genotypes, to evaluate its association with cagA, vacA and clinical diseases as well as degree of gastric inflammation.

Methods: H.

Burden of bacterial upper respiratory tract pathogens in school children of Nepal.

Introduction: Respiratory tract infections are one of the most common human infections in all age group and important cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Most bacterial upper respiratory tract infections are vaccine preventable. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of carrier state of bacterial upper respiratory tract pathogens among school children.

BabA in adaptation for gastric colonization.

() as a causative agent of gastric complications, is well adapted for the colonization of gastric mucosa. Although the infectious process depends on several factors, the adhesion to the gastric mucosa is the first and important step. Among several outer membrane proteins, BabA is one of the significant protein involving in many inflammatory processes in addition to its role in the attachment for the persistent colonization.

Survival of Helicobacter pylori in gastric acidic territory.

Background: Helicobacter pylori is well adapted to colonize the epithelial surface of the human gastric mucosa and can cause persistent infections. In order to infect the gastric mucosa, it has to survive in the gastric acidic pH. This organism has well developed mechanisms to neutralize the effects of acidic pH.

Growing Menace of Antibacterial Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Nepal: An Insight of Beta-Lactamase Production.

Introduction. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most frequently isolated organism as it acts as the opportunistic pathogen and can cause infections in immunosuppressed patients. The production of different types of beta-lactamases renders this organism resistant to many commonly used antimicrobials.