Unlocking the potential of EXOs in regenerative medicine: A comprehensive review.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly exosomes (EXOs), are essential in cellular communication and play significant roles in various physiological and pathological processes. Ranging in size from 30 to 150 nm, EXOs are lipid vesicles derived from the endosomal system and characterized by their distinctive cup-shaped morphology. These vesicles are produced by hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells and are found in all body fluids, including blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, saliva, and breast milk.

Peripheral Nerve Repair: Historical Perspectives, Current Advances, and Future Directions in Natural and Synthetic Neural Conduits.

Regenerative medicine aims to restore damaged tissues or organs using stem cells, biomaterials, and decellularized grafts. Peripheral nerve injuries (PNI), affecting 2.8% of patients, lead to severe functional impairments with global socioeconomic costs exceeding $7 billion annually.