The Impact of Air Pollution on Cardiovascular Health Outcomes in African Populations: A Scoping Review.

Background: Air pollution is a significant environmental risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), but its impact on African populations is under-researched due to limited air quality data and health studies.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to synthesize available research on the effects of air pollution on CVDs outcomes in African populations, identify knowledge gaps, and suggest areas for research and policy intervention.

Methods: A systematic search of PubMed was conducted using terms capturing criteria ambient air pollutants (for example particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and sulfur dioxide) and CVDs and countries in Africa.

Clearing the Air to Address Pollution's Cardiovascular Health Crisis.

Air pollution is a critical global health issue that significantly impacts cardiovascular health. The air pollutant PM (particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometres or less) has been positioned as a leading environmental risk factor for morbidity and mortality, especially from cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).

Wastewater monitoring for detection of public health markers during the COVID-19 pandemic: Near-source monitoring of schools in England over an academic year.

Background: Schools are high-risk settings for infectious disease transmission. Wastewater monitoring for infectious diseases has been used to identify and mitigate outbreaks in many near-source settings during the COVID-19 pandemic, including universities and hospitals but less is known about the technology when applied for school health protection. This study aimed to implement a wastewater surveillance system to detect SARS-CoV-2 and other public health markers from wastewater in schools in England.

Monitoring occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in school populations: A wastewater-based approach.

Clinical testing of children in schools is challenging, with economic implications limiting its frequent use as a monitoring tool of the risks assumed by children and staff during the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, a wastewater-based epidemiology approach has been used to monitor 16 schools (10 primary, 5 secondary and 1 post-16 and further education) in England. A total of 296 samples over 9 weeks have been analysed for N1 and E genes using qPCR methods.

Geographical and socioeconomic inequalities in female breast cancer incidence and mortality in Iran: A Bayesian spatial analysis of registry data.

Background: In Iran, trends in breast cancer incidence and mortality have generally been monitored at national level. The purpose of this study is to examine province-level disparities in age-standardised breast cancer incidence versus mortality from 2000 to 2010 and their association with socioeconomic status.

Methods: In this study, data from Iran's national cancer and death registry systems, and covariates from census and household expenditure surveys were used.

Evaluating equality in prescribing Novel Oral Anticoagulants (NOACs) in England: The protocol of a Bayesian small area analysis.

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, affecting about 1.6% of the population in England. Novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are approved AF treatments that reduce stroke risk.

Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017.

Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2-to end preventable child deaths by 2030-we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends.

A Burden Assessment of Occupational Exposures in Iran, 1990-2010: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.

Background: The present study describes the burden of occupational diseases in Iran based on the results of the Global Burden of Disease study conducted in 2010 (GBD 2010). This study aimed to determine the burden of occupational diseases in Iran based on the results of GBD 2010. It is a cross-sectional study.

Metabolic syndrome prevalence in the Iranian adult's general population and its trend: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

Aims: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is one of the most important predictors of CVD. Determining the trend of MetS, represents the trend of its components and consequently could forecast the incidence of related diseases particularly CVD. The main object of this study is describing the trend of MetS prevalence in both male and female.

Predictors of the work-related depressive symptoms among blue-collar male employees of an industrial unit in Iran.

Background And Aim: Possible associations between depressive symptoms and work-related parameters have frequently been discussed in the literature. The present study was aimed to evaluate the work-related depressive symptoms and their possible-related parameters among male employees of Esfahan Steel Company (ESCO) as one of the most important industrial sites in Iran.

Materials And Methods: With a cross-sectional design and a stratified random sampling method in 2010, a total of 400 male employees were enrolled from the operational parts of the ESCO.

Story retelling skills in Persian speaking hearing-impaired children.

Objectives: Since the pragmatic skills of hearing-impaired Persian-speaking children have not yet been investigated particularly through story retelling, this study aimed to evaluate some pragmatic abilities of normal-hearing and hearing-impaired children using a story retelling test.

Methods: 15 normal-hearing and 15 profound hearing-impaired 7-year-old children were evaluated using the story retelling test with the content validity of 89%, construct validity of 85%, and reliability of 83%. Three macro structure criteria including topic maintenance, event sequencing, explicitness, and four macro structure criteria including referencing, conjunctive cohesion, syntax complexity, and utterance length were assessed.

National and Subnational Patterns of Cause of Death in Iran 1990-2015: Applied Methods.

Background: Causes of death statistics provide crucial health intelligence in national and international communities. An efficient death registration system provides reliable information for health policy system. In many developing countries, death registration systems face a degree of misclassification and incompleteness.

Burden of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Iran from 1990 to 2010: Results from the Global Burden of Disease study 2010.

Background: The present study describes the epidemiological status of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Iran based on the Global Burden of Disease study 2010 (the GBD 2010), and compares this with those of other neighboring countries.

Methods: The burden of STIs from 1990 to 2010 in Iran was derived from a systematic study, namely the GBD 2010, which was conducted by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). Using a model-based estimation, Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) were calculated on the basis of the prevalence of STIs.

Burden of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases-Measles, Tetanus, Diphtheria and Whooping Cough-in Iran: Findings from the GBD study 2010.

Background: Vaccination has been one of the most successful and cost-effective public health interventions in the last century and has saved millions of lives. In 1984, the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) was launched in Iran as one of the main components of Primary Health Care (PHC). 

Objectives: We aimed to investigate the burden of four vaccine-preventable diseases from 1990 to 2010 in Iran.

The Burden of HIV in Iran: Insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.

Objectives: To evaluate the HIV/AIDS burden in Iran from 1980 to 2010 using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (GBD 2010).

Methods: The burden of HIV/AIDS in Iran was obtained from a systematic study from 1990 to 2010 by the GBD team. The GBD 2010 disability weights were used to calculate the HIV/AIDS Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) based on the HIV prevalence reported by the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) estimation.

Prevalence of Asthma, COPD, and Chronic Bronchitis in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

In this study, we aimed to conduct a meta-analysis on the results of eligible studies to estimate the prevalence of asthma, COPD, and Chronic bronchitis in Iran. International and Iranian databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Iranmedex, and scientific information database (SID) were searched for population-based studies that had reported the prevalence of asthma and COPD from 1990 to 2015. We conducted the meta-analysis using metaprop application of Stata statistical software.

Evaluation of the Trends of Stomach Cancer Incidence in Districts of Iran from 2000-2010: Application of a Random Effects Markov Model.

Background: Stomach cancer is the fifth most common cancer and the third leading cause of death among cancers throughout the world. Therefore, stomach cancer outcomes can affect health systems at the national and international levels. Although stomach cancer mortality and incidence rates have decreased in developed countries, these indicators have a raising trend in East Asian developing countries, particularity in Iran.

Burden Assessment of Thyroid cancer in Iran from 1990 to 2010: Lessons Obtained from Global Burden of Disease Report 2010.

Background: Thyroid tumors are generally regarded as rare malignancies. Nowadays, however, their global incidence is growing continuously partially due to western life style and utilization of more sensitive methods of early detection. It is approximately three times more prevalent in females than in males.

Burden of Cancers in Iran from 1990 to 2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease study 2010.

Background: Cancer is one of the most common non-communicable diseases in both sexes and a major cause of disability and death around the world, as well as in Iran. The aim of the present manuscript is to report the results of the Global Burden of Disease study 2010 (the GBD 2010) to compare the results with the other similar findings. The paper also discusses the existing deficiencies of the GBD study.

Equity Chasm in Megacities: Five Leading Causes of Death in Tehran.

Background: Inequity in megacities is a real concern in public health perspective. Tehran is a megacity with more than 8 million population that is divided into 22 regions (counties) with considerable diversity in socioeconomic status. On the other hand, spatial cluster detection is an important tool in disease surveillance to identify areas of elevated risk and to generate hypotheses about disease or mortality etiology.

A tentative component analysis of Norjizak: A new abused drug in Iran.

Norjizak is a new drug abused in the past few years in Iran with symptoms and complications distinct from other common forms of drug and characterized by higher rate of mortality. The present study aims to analyze the chemical components of this substance. Five samples were obtained from abusers referring from different areas of Tehran to a treatment clinic.

Burden of Drug and Alcohol Use Disorders in Iran: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.

Background: Due to its specific socio-cultural and geographical situation, Iran has a major public health problem in terms of drug and alcohol use. The aim of this study is to report and critique the burden of drug and alcohol use disorders in Iran, and to compare these measurements with similar findings.

Methods: This study used data for Iran for the years 1990, 2005, and 2010 derived from the Global Burden of Disease study (GBD 2010) conducted by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) in 2010.

Are active and passive smoking associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents? The CASPIAN-III Study.

Background: Smoking is an important risky behavior in adolescents worldwide. Active and passive smoking have adverse health effects at public and individual levels.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the association of active and passive smoking with cardiometabolic risk factors in a national sample of Iranian adolescents.

People who inject drugs in prison: HIV prevalence, transmission and prevention.

In 2011, over 10.1 million people were held in prisons around the world. HIV prevalence is elevated in prison and this is due to the over representation of people who inject drugs (PWID).