Expression of immune checkpoints (IDO and PD-L1) in oral tongue cancer patients: a 10-year retrospective cohort study in Pakistan.

Background: Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is a significant global health issue with high incidence and mortality rates. Current treatments involve surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy; however, prognosis remains poor. Recent research highlights the crucial role of the tumor microenvironment, especially immune cells and checkpoints like PD-L1 and IDO, in TSCC progression.

HPV-driven breast carcinogenesis: associations with tumor severity, Ki67 expression and metastasis.

Objective: Breast cancer (BC) poses a significant global health challenge, and its potential link to HPV warrants investigation. This study investigates the prevalence, genotype distribution, and clinicopathological associations of human papillomavirus (HPV) in breast cancer patients from Pakistan.

Methods: This single-institutional cross-sectional study included 501 FFPE BC specimens from female patients and 110 benign controls, collected between January 2019 and December 2023.

Evaluation of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Expression in Osteosarcoma: Insights From a 10-Year Retrospective Cohort.

Introduction: Osteosarcoma, a prevalent bone malignancy in children and adolescents, is currently treated through surgical resection and chemotherapy. Advancements in cancer research are targeting immune checkpoint molecules, such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, to advance the development of immunotherapy. However, the scarcity of research on IDO in osteosarcoma results in an absence of comprehensive data, highlighting the conflicting findings surrounding IDO's role in various cancers.

Utility of Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration in a Paediatric Population: A Single-Centre Experience.

Introduction: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is a modern and minimally invasive technique to acquire diagnostic material from within the gastrointestinal tract, as well as from adjacent organs and structures, which can help in the diagnosis and staging of a variety of gastrointestinal malignancies, as well as for non-malignant conditions. Though well described in adults, there is limited literature on the diagnostic utility of EUS-FNA in paediatric patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of EUS-FNA in paediatric patients performed at our centre over the last 17 years.

PD-L1 is Fascinating but IDO Needs Attention in Non-HCV and Non-HBV-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients.

Background/aim: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common forms of liver cancer that is modulated by the immune system. Programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) has emerged as a novel therapeutic target in various cancers. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an immunosuppressive enzyme that is associated with poor prognoses in various cancer types.

IgM and C3 Deposition in Primary Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS): A Clinical and Histopathological Spectrum.

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a common renal disorder, characterized by progressive segmental sclerosis of renal glomeruli and clinical symptoms corresponding to proteinuria. Classically, it is not considered to be an antibody-mediated disease, however, IgM and C3 deposition may be seen in a subset of cases of FSGS. The impact of this immune deposition on histopathological features in renal core biopsies, on the urinary biochemical parameters, and the clinical outcomes, has not been previously investigated in our population.

Angiomatoid Fibrous Histiocytoma: A Tumor With Uncertain Behavior and Various Clinicopathological Presentations.

Background Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma (AFH) is a rare soft tissue neoplasm of uncertain differentiation, which has various clinical and morphological presentations. Although it behaves in a benign manner, it has malignant potential. Aim To share various histological patterns and survival data in our population of this rare entity.

Microsatellite Instability in Near East Sebaceous Neoplasms: Toward Improved Prediction.

Sebaceous neoplasms (SN) comprise a heterogeneous spectrum of tumors with different biological behaviors. In the Near-East Region (NER), microsatellite instability (MSI) in SN's development, and its correlation with the clinicopathologic features of tumors is not well elucidated. A cohort of 225 SN patients (40 benign SNs and 185 sebaceous carcinomas) from the NER was retrospectively reviewed.

Sebaceous neoplasms: prevalence of HPV infection and relation to immunohistochemical surrogate markers.

Background: Sebaceous neoplasms (SNs) and carcinomas (SCs) represent rare skin adnexal tumours.

Objectives: To establish the prevalence of HPV in SNs, assess the relationship between HPV, p16 and p53 expression, and further elucidate the carcinogenetic course of SCs.

Materials & Methods: A total of 113 resected SNs (five sebaceous adenomas, 10 sebaceomas and 98 SCs) from the Near-East were reviewed.

Müllerian Adenosarcoma: A Single-Centre Experience of 59 Cases of This Rare Entity.

Background and objective Müllerian adenosarcomas (MA) are rare biphasic tumors with benign epithelial and sarcomatous stromal components. There is very limited cohort study data on MA in the South Asian countries and no such study has been attempted in Pakistan. Our aim was to evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics of MA and to review the published literature on the condition.

C4d at Crossroads Between Post-Infectious Glomerulonephritis and C3 Glomerulopathy.

Background: Post-infectious glomerulonephritis (PIGN) (immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis) and C3 glomerulopathy are sub-types of glomerulonephritis (GN) with hypercellularity. Both have overlapping clinical and morphologic features on a kidney biopsy, however, the treatment and prognosis of these diseases are quite different making their distinction of utmost importance. Immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis arises from glomerular deposition of immune-complexes (Igs) and C3 as a result of activation of classical (CP) and lectin pathways (LP).

Renal Transplant Pathology: Demographic Features and Histopathological Analysis of the Causes of Graft Dysfunction.

Background: Renal transplant has emerged as a preferred treatment modality in cases of end-stage renal disease; however, a small percentage of cases suffer from graft dysfunction.

Aim: To evaluate the renal transplant biopsies and analyze the various causes of graft dysfunction.

Materials And Methods: 163 renal transplant biopsies, reported between 2014 and 2019 and who fulfilled the inclusion criteria, were evaluated with respect to demographics, clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical features.

PD-L1 expression in sebaceous carcinomas.

Background: Traditional systemic treatments for unresectable, recurrent, and/or advanced sebaceous carcinoma (SC) are ineffective. Tumoral immune microenvironment characterization is essential for considering immune checkpoint inhibitors as a treatment option.

Methods: A total of 173 resected SCs were reviewed.