Epidemiological Dynamics of a Visually Apparent Disease: Camera Trapping and Machine-Learning Applied to Rumpwear in the Common Brushtail Possum.

Visually apparent diseases are valuable for investigating and monitoring the occurrence and prevalence of pathogens in wildlife populations through passive monitoring methods like camera trapping. Rumpwear, characterized by visible clinical signs of hair breakage and damage on the lumbosacral region, affects common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) across Australia. However, the etiology of rumpwear remains unclear, and the spatiotemporal factors are understudied.

Spatial Variation in Body Condition of a Coastal Sentinel, the Little Penguin, Reflects Marine and Terrestrial Factors.

Seabirds are widely considered sentinels of their coastal ecosystems. However, biological associations between specific marine and terrestrial factors and seabird health are less well understood. Here, we investigate the associations between habitat-scale processes and variability in body condition of breeding little penguins across 15 populations in Lutruwita/Tasmania, Australia.

Pharmacokinetics and safety of topical fluralaner in koalas .

Sarcoptic mange (etiological agent ) is among the most important parasitic diseases of some marsupial species and has been an emerging disease of koalas, causing welfare and conservation implications. Fluralaner (Bravecto® MSD Animal Health), an ectoparasiticide of the isoxazoline class, has been demonstrated as a long-lasting and efficacious chemotherapeutic agent against sarcoptic mange in multiple mammal species and may also be beneficial for impacted koalas. Here, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics and clinical safety of fluralaner in koalas.

What passes through the extinction filter? Historical and contemporary patterns of vulnerability of the most extinction-prone bird family (Aves: Rallidae).

Patterns of extinction risk can vary across taxa, with species of some groups being particularly vulnerable to extinction. Rails (Aves: Rallidae) represent one of the most extreme yet well-documented cases of mass extinction within a modern vertebrate group. Between 54 and 92% of rail species became extinct following waves of human contact during both the Holocene and the Anthropocene eras, and a third of the extant species are currently threatened or near-threatened.

Impacts of Antiretroviral Therapy on the Oral Microbiome and Periodontal Health of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Cats.

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is the domestic cat analogue of HIV infection in humans. Both viruses induce oral disease in untreated individuals, with clinical signs that include gingivitis and periodontal lesions. Oral disease manifestations in HIV patients are abated by highly effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), though certain oral manifestations persist despite therapy.

Sarcoptic Mange in a Tasmanian Devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) and Bennett's Wallaby (Notamacropus rufogriseus).

Sarcoptes scabiei mites and skin lesions consistent with severe sarcoptic mange were identified in a Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) and Bennett's wallaby (Notamacropus rufogriseus) from Tasmania, Australia. The devil and wallaby both had severe hyperkeratotic skin lesions. All stages of mite development were identified in the devil, suggesting parasite reproduction on the host.

Adaptive interventions for advancing in situ wildlife disease management.

There is a critical need for advancements in disease management strategies for wildlife, but free-living animals pose numerous challenges that can hinder progress. Most disease management attempts involve fixed interventions accompanied by post hoc outcome assessments focused on success or failure. Though these approaches have led to valuable management advances, there are limitations to both the rate of advancement and amount of information that can be gained.

Impacts of Antiretroviral Therapy on the Oral Microbiome and Periodontal Health of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Positive Cats.

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is the domestic cat analogue of HIV infection in humans. Both viruses induce oral disease in untreated individuals, with clinical signs that include gingivitis and periodontal lesions. Oral disease manifestations in HIV patients are abated by highly effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), though certain oral manifestations persist despite therapy.

A retrospective epidemiological study of sarcoptic mange in koalas () using wildlife carer admission records.

Outbreaks of sarcoptic mange are sporadically reported in koala populations across Australia, but disease characteristics (e.g., distribution across the body) remain poorly understood.

Non-specific markers of inflammation in bare-nosed wombats () with sarcoptic mange.

Sarcoptic mange, caused by epidermal infection with , negatively impacts the health, welfare, and local abundance of bare-nosed wombats () in Australia. Improved understanding of the host immune response to disease and its contribution to pathophysiology could be used to inform management actions for this species and . To evaluate the immune response of bare-nosed wombats to sarcoptic mange, we validated three assays (haptoglobin, agarose gel electrophoresis, and micro-erythrocyte sedimentation rate) measuring non-specific markers of inflammation using serum samples from free-living wombats from Tasmania ( = 33).

Sex and landscape influence spatial genetic variation in a large fossorial mammal, the Bare-nosed Wombat ().

Dispersal is an important process that is widely studied across species, and it can be influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors commonly assessed include the sex and age of individuals, while landscape features are frequently-tested extrinsic factors. Here, we investigated the effects of both sex and landscape composition and configuration on genetic distances among bare-nosed wombats ()-one of the largest fossorial mammals in the world and subject to habitat fragmentation, threats from disease, and human persecution including culling as an agricultural pest.

Assessment of the in vitro acaricidal activity of Bravecto (fluralaner) and a proposed orange oil-based formulation vehicle for the treatment of Sarcoptes scabiei.

Background: Sarcoptic mange is a serious animal welfare concern in bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus). Fluralaner (Bravecto) is a novel acaricide that has recently been utilised for treating mange in wombats. The topical 'spot-on' formulation of fluralaner can limit treatment delivery options in situ, but dilution to a volume for 'pour-on' delivery is one practicable solution.

The effects of spatially-constrained treatment regions upon a model of wombat mange.

The use of therapeutic agents is a critical option to manage wildlife disease, but their implementation is usually spatially constrained. We seek to expand knowledge around the effectiveness of management of environmentally-transmitted Sarcoptes scabiei on a host population, by studying the effect of a spatially constrained treatment regime on disease dynamics in the bare-nosed wombat Vombatus ursinus. A host population of wombats is modelled using a system of non-linear partial differential equations, a spatially-varying treatment regime is applied to this population and the dynamics are studied over a period of several years.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in little penguins and associations with urbanisation and health parameters.

Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are increasingly detected in wildlife and present concerning and unknown health risks. While there is a growing body of literature describing PFAS in seabird species, knowledge from temperate Southern Hemisphere regions is lacking. Little penguins (Eudyptula minor) can nest and forage within heavily urbanised coastal environments and hence may be at risk of exposure to pollutants.

The Distinctive Biology and Characteristics of the Bare-Nosed Wombat ().

The bare-nosed wombat is an iconic Australian fauna with remarkable biological characteristics and mythology. This solitary, muscular, fossorial, herbivorous marsupial from southeast Australia has continent and continental island subspeciation. Vombatiformes also contains hairy-nosed wombats ( spp.

The spectral underpinnings of pathogen spread on animal networks.

Predicting what factors promote or protect populations from infectious disease is a fundamental epidemiological challenge. Social networks, where nodes represent hosts and edges represent direct or indirect contacts between them, are important in quantifying these aspects of infectious disease dynamics. However, how network structure and epidemic parameters interact in empirical networks to promote or protect animal populations from infectious disease remains a challenge.

Abundance and population growth estimates for bare-nosed wombats.

Wildlife managers often rely on population estimates, but estimates can be challenging to obtain for geographically widespread species. Spotlight surveys provide abundance data for many species and, when conducted over wide spatial scales, have potential to provide population estimates of geographically widespread species. The bare-nosed wombat () has a broad geographical range and is subject to spotlight surveys.

Density independent decline from an environmentally transmitted parasite.

Invasive environmentally transmitted parasites have the potential to cause declines in host populations independent of host density, but this is rarely characterized in naturally occurring populations. We investigated (1) epidemiological features of a declining bare-nosed wombat () population in central Tasmania owing to a sarcoptic mange (agent ) outbreak, and (2) reviewed all longitudinal wombat-mange studies to improve our understanding of when host population declines may occur. Over a 7-year period, the wombat population declined 80% (95% CI 77-86%) and experienced a 55% range contraction.

A secure future? Human urban and agricultural land use benefits a flightless island-endemic rail despite climate change.

Identifying environmental characteristics that limit species' distributions is important for contemporary conservation and inferring responses to future environmental change. The Tasmanian native hen is an island endemic flightless rail and a survivor of a prehistoric extirpation event. Little is known about the regional-scale environmental characteristics influencing the distribution of native hens, or how their future distribution might be impacted by environmental shifts (e.

Assessing Variation in the Individual-Level Impacts of a Multihost Pathogen.

Most pathogens infect more than one host species, and given infection, the individual-level impact they have varies among host species. Nevertheless, variation in individual-level impacts of infection remains poorly characterised. Using the impactful and host-generalist ectoparasitic mite (causing sarcoptic mange), we assessed individual-level variation in pathogen impacts by (1) compiling all documented individual-level impacts of across free-living host species, (2) quantifying and ranking impacts among host species, and (3) evaluating factors associated with impacts.

Combination Antiretroviral Therapy and Immunophenotype of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus.

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) causes progressive immune dysfunction in cats similar to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in humans. Although combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is effective against HIV, there is no definitive therapy to improve clinical outcomes in cats with FIV. This study therefore evaluated pharmacokinetics and clinical outcomes of cART (2.