Lung cancer screening experiences among patients with a smoking history and primary care providers: a qualitative study.

Background: Lung cancer screening (LCS) with low dose CT can identify early-stage lung cancer and reduce lung cancer mortality. LCS is underutilized. Patient and provider concerns and experiences may contribute to low utilization.

Bacterial genome structural variation: prevalence, mechanisms, and consequences.

A vast number of bacterial genome sequences are publicly available. However, the majority were generated using short-read sequencing, producing fragmented assemblies. Long-read sequencing can generate closed assemblies, and they reveal that bacterial genome structure, the order and orientation of genes on the chromosome, is highly variable for many species.

A role for genomics-based studies of Bordetella pertussis adaptation.

Purpose Of Review: Cases of whooping cough (pertussis) have rebounded strongly from the very low incidence observed during the pandemic. This re-emergence is characterized by changes in epidemiology. Here we describe the importance of genomics to monitor and understand the drivers to these changes.

Corrigendum to "Optimising outcomes for adults with Cystic Fibrosis taking CFTR modulators by individualising care: Personalised data linkage to understand treatment optimisation (PLUTO), a novel clinical framework" [Respirat. Med. 239 (2025)].

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a life-limiting, inherited condition in which a novel class of oral medicine, CFTR modulators, has revolutionised symptoms and health indicators, providing an opportunity to evaluate traditional treatment regimens with the hope of reducing burden. Additionally, there is cautious optimism that life expectancy for people with CF born today could ultimately compare to that of the general population. Given this potential, there is a need and requirement to optimise treatment to balance burden with the best clinical outcomes for each person with CF in an individualised manner.

Optimising outcomes for adults with cystic fibrosis taking CFTR modulators by individualising care: Personalised data linkage to understand treatment optimisation (PLUTO), a novel clinical framework.

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a life-limiting, inherited condition in which a novel class of oral medicine, CFTR modulators, has revolutionised symptoms and health indicators, providing an opportunity to evaluate traditional treatment regimens with the hope of reducing burden. Additionally, there is cautious optimism that life expectancy for people with CF born today could ultimately compare to that of the general population. Given this potential, there is a need and requirement to optimise treatment to balance burden with the best clinical outcomes for each person with CF in an individualised manner.

The disappointment centre of the brain gets exciting: a systematic review of habenula dysfunction in depression.

Background: The habenula is an epithalamic brain structure that acts as a neuroanatomical hub connecting the limbic forebrain to the major monoamine centres. Abnormal habenula activity is increasingly implicated in depression, with a surge in publications on this topic in the last 5 years. Direct activation of the habenula is sufficient to induce a depressive phenotype in rodents, suggesting a causative role in depression.

: a pre- and post- genome-wide association studies pipeline for detecting phenotype-associated genome rearrangement events.

The use of -mers to capture genetic variation in bacterial genome-wide association studies (bGWAS) has demonstrated its effectiveness in overcoming the plasticity of bacterial genomes by providing a comprehensive array of genetic variants in a genome set that is not confined to a single reference genome. However, little attempt has been made to interpret -mers in the context of genome rearrangements, partly due to challenges in the exhaustive and high-throughput identification of genome structure and individual rearrangement events. Here, we present , a pre- and post-bGWAS processing methodology that leverages the unique properties of -mers to facilitate bGWAS for genome rearrangements.

Who Cares? Service Users' Opinions and Opportunities for Family Involvement in Mental Health Care.

Involving families in mental health care can provide benefits to service users, their families and clinicians. However, family involvement is neither uniform nor routine. Understanding the complexities of this involvement is critical to improving application.

Lung cancer screening provider recommendation and completion in black and White patients with a smoking history in two healthcare systems: a survey study.

Background: Annual lung cancer screening (LCS) with low dose CT reduces lung cancer mortality. LCS is underutilized. Black people who smoke tobacco have high risk of lung cancer but are less likely to be screened than are White people.

Development of data processing algorithm to calculate adherence for adults with cystic fibrosis using inhaled therapy - a multi-center observational study within the CFHealthHub learning health system.

Objectives: To develop a robust algorithm to accurately calculate 'daily complete dose counts' for inhaled medicines, used in percent adherence calculations, from electronically-captured nebulizer data within the CFHealthHub Learning Health System.

Methods: A multi-center, cross-sectional study involved participants and clinicians reviewing real-world inhaled medicine usage records and triangulating them with objective nebulizer data to establish a consensus on 'daily complete dose counts.' An algorithm, which used only objective nebulizer data, was then developed using a derivation dataset and evaluated using internal validation dataset.

The effects of bilingualism on cognition and behaviour in individuals with attention deficits: A scoping review.

Background: Weaknesses in executive function have persistently been found to be associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), while bilinguals have been argued to show advantages in executive functions. While there has been some research into how bilingualism affects cognitive skills and behaviour in individuals with attention deficits, the question is still very much open. The aim of this systematic review is to gather, synthesise and evaluate existing evidence on how bilingual language experience and attention deficits affect executive function performance and ADHD-related symptoms in children and adults.

Cost-utility analysis of shockwave lithotripsy vs ureteroscopic stone treatment in adults.

Objectives: To assess the cost-effectiveness, resource use implications, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and cost per QALY of care pathways starting with either extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) or with ureteroscopic retrieval (ureteroscopy [URS]) for the management of ureteric stones.

Patients And Methods: Data on quality of life and resource use for 613 patients, collected prospectively in the Therapeutic Interventions for Stones of the Ureter (TISU) randomized controlled trial (ISRCTN 92289221), were used to assess the cost-effectiveness of two care pathways, SWL and URS. A health provider (UK National Health Service) perspective was adopted to estimate the costs of the interventions and subsequent resource use.

Mental health service users' experiences and perspectives of family involvement in their care: a systematic literature review.

Background: The importance of engaging families in mental health care is recognised and endorsed by governments worldwide, however service users' perspectives of family involvement are not well understood.

Aims: This study sought to summarise the literature regarding how service users view the involvement of family in their engagement with services and care.

Methods: A search was conducted within the following databases for manuscripts published in the last 10 years: PsycINFO, CINAHLPlus, PubMed and Scopus.

Shockwave lithotripsy compared with ureteroscopic stone treatment for adults with ureteric stones: the TISU non-inferiority RCT.

Background: Urinary stone disease affects 2-3% of the general population. Ureteric stones are associated with severe pain and can have a significant impact on a patient's quality of life. Most ureteric stones are expected to pass spontaneously with supportive care; however, between one-fifth and one-third of patients require an active intervention.

The ALLEGRO trial: a placebo controlled randomised trial of intravenous lidocaine in accelerating gastrointestinal recovery after colorectal surgery.

Background: Return of gastrointestinal (GI) function is fundamental to patient recovery after colorectal surgery and is required before patients can be discharged from hospital safely. Up to 40% of patients suffer delayed return of GI function after colorectal surgery, causing nausea, vomiting and abdominal discomfort, resulting in longer hospital stay. Small, randomised studies have suggested perioperative intravenous (IV) lidocaine, which has analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, may accelerate return of GI function after colorectal surgery.

A delicate balance: Psychotropic polypharmacy and anti-cholinergic use are correlated with fall incidence in Australian inpatients with dementia.

Background: Persons with dementia commonly experience a range of behavioural and psychological symptoms, including agitation, aggression, perceptual disturbances, and depression. While psychotropic medications are regularly prescribed to mitigate these symptoms, these agents also carry a broad adverse effect profile. This study aimed to characterize psychotropic medication use in patients with dementia, as well as identify prescribing factors associated with falls in this cohort.

Feasibility and Acceptability of a Smoking Cessation Program for Individuals Released From an Urban, Pretrial Jail: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Tobacco use prevalence among individuals involved in the criminal-legal system is 125% higher than that of the general population and leads to high levels of smoking-related morbidity and mortality.

Objective: To examine the acceptability, feasibility, and preliminary clinical outcomes of a smoking cessation intervention for individuals who are incarcerated.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This pilot randomized clinical trial was conducted from January 2019 to May 2020.

Shockwave Lithotripsy Versus Ureteroscopic Treatment as Therapeutic Interventions for Stones of the Ureter (TISU): A Multicentre Randomised Controlled Non-inferiority Trial.

Background: Renal stone disease is common and can cause emergency presentation with acute pain due to ureteric colic. International guidelines have stated the need for a multicentre randomised controlled trial (RCT) to determine whether a non-invasive outpatient (shockwave lithotripsy [SWL]) or surgical (ureteroscopy [URS]) intervention should be the first-line treatment for those needing active intervention. This has implications for shaping clinical pathways.

The clinical and cost effectiveness of surgical interventions for stones in the lower pole of the kidney: the percutaneous nephrolithotomy, flexible ureterorenoscopy and extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy for lower pole kidney stones randomised controlled trial (PUrE RCT) protocol.

Introduction: Renal stones are common, with a lifetime prevalence of 10% in adults. Global incidence is increasing due to increases in obesity and diabetes, with these patient populations being more likely to suffer renal stone disease. Flank pain from stones (renal colic) is the most common cause of emergency admission to UK urology departments.

Association Between Knee Anatomic Metrics and Biomechanics for Male Soldiers Landing With Load.

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a military occupational hazard that may be attributed to an individual's knee biomechanics and joint anatomy. This study sought to determine if greater flexion when landing with load resulted in knee biomechanics thought to decrease ACL injury risk and whether knee biomechanics during landing relate to knee anatomic metrics.

Hypothesis: Anatomic metrics regarding the slope and concavity of the tibial plateau will exhibit a significant relation to the increased anterior shear force on the knee and decreased knee flexion posture during landing with body-borne load.

Barriers to implementing clinical trials on nonpharmacological treatments in developing countries: lessons learnt from addressing pain in HIV.

Pain affects over half of the people living with HIV/AIDS (LWHA), and pharmacological treatment has limited efficacy. Preliminary evidence supports nonpharmacological interventions. We previously piloted a multimodal intervention in amaXhosa women LWHA and chronic pain in South Africa with improvements seen in all outcomes, in both intervention and control groups.

Pragmatic cluster randomised cohort cross-over trial to determine the effectiveness of bridging from emergency to regular contraception: the Bridge-It study protocol.

Introduction: Oral emergency contraception (EC) can prevent unintended pregnancy but it is important to start a regular method of contraception. Women in the UK usually access EC from a pharmacy but then need a subsequent appointment with a general practitioner or a sexual and reproductive health (SRH) service to access regular contraception. Unintended pregnancies can occur during this time.

Estimating Site Performance (ESP): can trial managers predict recruitment success at trial sites? An exploratory study.

Background: Multicentre randomised trials provide some of the key evidence underpinning healthcare practice around the world. They are also hard work and generally expensive. Some of this work and expense are devoted to sites that fail to recruit as many participants as expected.

TISU: Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, as first treatment option, compared with direct progression to ureteroscopic treatment, for ureteric stones: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

Background: Urinary stone disease is very common with an estimated prevalence among the general population of 2-3%. Ureteric stones are associated with severe pain as they pass through the urinary tract and have significant impact on patients' quality of life due to the detrimental effect on their ability to work and need for hospitalisation. Most ureteric stones can be expected to pass spontaneously with supportive care.