Discovery medicine - the HVTN's iterative approach to developing an HIV-1 broadly neutralizing vaccine.

Purpose Of Review: In the past two decades, there has been an explosion in the discovery of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) and associated vaccine strategies to induce them. This abundance of approaches necessitates a system that accurately and expeditiously identifies the most promising regimens. We herein briefly review the background science of bnAbs, provide a description of the first round of phase 1 discovery medicine studies, and suggest an approach to integrate these into a comprehensive HIV-1-neutralizing vaccine.

Besieged in the Bronx: Lessons from an in-hospital mass casualty.

Background: An active shooter in a hospital is an emergency extraordinaire. We report a single institution's response to the largest active shooter mass casualty event in American History.

Methods: Review of notification, flow of prioritized patients, and key elements of the day's dynamic after a hospital attack by a lone gunman were commenced.

A Horizon Scan to Support Chemical Pollution-Related Policymaking for Sustainable and Climate-Resilient Economies.

While chemicals are vital to modern society through materials, agriculture, textiles, new technology, medicines, and consumer goods, their use is not without risks. Unfortunately, our resources seem inadequate to address the breadth of chemical challenges to the environment and human health. Therefore, it is important we use our intelligence and knowledge wisely to prepare for what lies ahead.

Cardiac Imaging for Diagnosis and Management of Infective Endocarditis.

Imaging is central to the care of patients with infective endocarditis. Although transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography are the principal imaging techniques, additional modalities including positron emission tomography and cardiac computed tomography, and to a lesser extent intracardiac echocardiography, play an increasing role. This review discusses the role of cardiac imaging in establishing the diagnosis of endocarditis, in predicting its embolic risk, and in making decisions regarding the need for and timing of surgery.

Outcomes of Transradial Versus Transfemoral Access of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in STEMI: Systematic Review and Updated Meta-analysis.

Background: Transradial (TR) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a preferable PCI route. The complication difference between TR and TF approaches is controversial.

Methods: PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane databases were queried for PCI outcomes of TR TF in STEMI for major cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), major bleeding, and mortality.

Evidence that loneliness can be reduced by a whole-of-community intervention to increase neighbourhood identification.

Rationale: Social identification with the people in one's neighbourhood has a wide variety of benefits for individual and community health and wellbeing. In particular, previous research shows that residents' social identification with their neighbourhood is protective of mental health. However, researchers are only just beginning to design and evaluate interventions that directly target social identification on health grounds.

Innovation in a crisis: rethinking conferences and scholarship in a pandemic and climate emergency.

It is a cliché of self-help advice that there are no problems, only opportunities. The rationale and actions of the BSHS in creating its Global Digital History of Science Festival may be a rare genuine confirmation of this mantra. The global COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 meant that the society's usual annual conference - like everyone else's - had to be cancelled.

Australian general practitioners' attitudes and knowledge of sentinel lymph node biopsy in melanoma management.

Background And Objectives: In Australia, the uptake of the sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) appears low despite clinical practice guideline recommendations. The aim of this study was to describe the knowledge and attitudes of general practitioners (GPs) to SLNB.

Method: GPs were recruited at an annual conference and a skin cancer skills workshop, and using GP professional communications.

Submucosal lingualplasty for adult obstructive sleep apnea.

Objective: To measure quality-of-life outcomes, polysomnographic outcomes, and adverse effects for a new technique of tongue reduction in obstructive sleep apnea.

Study Design: Case series.

Setting: Tertiary hospital.

Treating obstructive sleep apnea with hypoglossal nerve stimulation.

Background: Reduced upper airway muscle activity during sleep is fundamental to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) pathogenesis. Hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HGNS) counteracts this problem, with potential to reduce OSA severity.

Study Objectives: To examine safety and efficacy of a novel HGNS system (HGNS, Apnex Medical, Inc.

Clinical equipoise in sleep surgery: investigating clinical trial targets.

Objective: Surgical approaches for alleviating snoring and/or obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have been questioned because of a lack of evidence from high-quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs). An ethical requirement for RCTs is that they must test questions where community equipoise (ie, uncertainty) exists as to the correct treatment. We aimed to measure perceived importance, community equipoise, and willingness to enroll patients in 5 potential trial targets among members of the Australian Society for Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (ASOHNS).

Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty funded by the Australian government's Medicare scheme (1995-2007).

Objective: To describe the provision, through the Australian state-funded Medicare system, of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) and its laser-assisted variation (LAUP) to the population of Australia between 1995 and 2007.

Study Design: Case series using a comprehensive national administrative database.

Setting: The Commonwealth of Australia.

Upper airway reconstructive surgery long-term quality-of-life outcomes compared with CPAP for adult obstructive sleep apnea.

Objective: To measure long-term quality-of-life (QOL) improvement following contemporary multilevel upper airway reconstruction surgery, compared with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy. Secondary aims were to investigate factors determining clinical effectiveness and QOL impact of reported side effects.

Design: Cohort study.

Transpalatal advancement pharyngoplasty outcomes compared with uvulopalatopharygoplasty.

Objective: Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) success rates in patients classified with Friedman stage 3 is reported as 8%. Surgical failure may result from persistent obstruction at the palate, which may be addressed by pharyngoplasty with palatal advancement (PA). The effectiveness of PA versus UPPP was evaluated by using polysomnographic outcomes in a retrospective cohort of patients classified with Friedman stage 3.