Isolation and characterization of pathogenic strains from lettuce: a potential source of antibiotic resistance and development of a mathematical model for ANOVA results.

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of contamination in raw lettuce from Risalpur, Pakistan, and to analyze the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the isolated strains. The presence of foodborne pathogens such as poses significant public health risks, particularly in regions with suboptimal hygiene practices and improper food handling.

Methods: Lettuce samples were collected from various sources in Risalpur and screened for .