CORYNE modulates Medicago truncatula inflorescence meristem branching and plays a conserved role in the regulation of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.

The CLAVATA signaling pathway regulates plant development and plant-environment interactions. CLAVATA signaling consists of mobile, cell-type or environment-specific CLAVATA3/ESR-related (CLE) peptides, which are perceived by a receptor complex consisting of leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases such as CLAVATA1 and receptor-like proteins such as CLAVATA2, which often functions with the pseudokinase CORYNE (CRN). CLAVATA signaling has been extensively studied in various plant species for its developmental role in meristem maintenance.

The GRAS protein RAM1 interacts with WRI transcription factors to regulate plant genes required for arbuscule development and function.

During arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis AM fungi form tree-shaped structures called arbuscules in root cortex cells of host plants. Arbuscules and their host cells are central for reciprocal nutrient exchange between the symbionts. () encodes a GRAS protein crucial for transcriptionally regulating plant genes needed for arbuscule development and nutrient exchange.

A plant CLE peptide and its fungal mimic promote arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis via CRN-mediated ROS suppression.

CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-related (CLE) peptides have emerged as key regulators of plant-microbe interactions, including arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis. Here, we identify CLE16 as a positive regulator of AM symbiosis. is expressed in root cells colonized by AM fungi (AMF) and its overexpression within colonized tissues increases arbuscule abundance by finetuning their growth and lifespan.

Protocol for efficient germination of Castilleja (Orobanchaceae) for chemical haustorium induction and parasite-host interaction studies.

We present a protocol for germinating Castilleja seeds and growing seedlings for hormone treatments and plant-plant interaction assays. We describe steps for seed sterilization, stratification, and transplantation, ensuring germination and seedling development. We detail procedures for haustorium formation, including strigolactone treatment and co-inoculation to induce root interactions with a host plant.

CLAVATA signaling in plant-environment interactions.

Plants must rapidly and dynamically adapt to changes in their environment. Upon sensing environmental signals, plants convert them into cellular signals, which elicit physiological or developmental changes that allow them to respond to various abiotic and biotic cues. Because plants can be simultaneously exposed to multiple environmental cues, signal integration between plant cells, tissues, and organs is necessary to induce specific responses.