The use of HRT containing transdermal estradiol in women with a personal history of venous or arterial thromboembolism: A consecutive series of 115 cases.

ObjectiveTo assess the risk of further thrombosis with using HRT containing transdermal estradiol in women with a personal history of venous thromboembolism (VTE) or arterial thromboembolism (ATE).MethodsWe undertook analysis of patients with a history of VTE/ATE who had been seen in the menopause clinic at King's College Hospital. They were followed up for a minimum of a 12 months period to assess for recurrence of VTE/ATE.

Urethral bulking agents for female stress urinary incontinence.

Urethral bulking agents (UBAs) to treat stress urinary incontinence was first described in the 1930s, when paraffin was used to increase urethral resistance. Since then, several agents have been introduced to the market, with varying degrees of safety, efficacy, and durability. The agents currently available include calcium hydroxyl apatite (Coaptite®), carbon coated zirconium (Durasphere®); polydimethylsiloxane elastomer (Macroplastique®); and polyacrylamide hydrogel (Bulkamid®).