Effects of high-flow oxygen therapy on oxygenation in dogs undergoing diagnostic bronchoscopy.

Introduction: Hypoxemia is a common complication during bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). High-Flow Oxygen Therapy (HFOT) has been used to improve oxygenation and prevent periods of hypoxemia in people undergoing bronchoscopy.

Objective: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of HFOT on oxygenation in dogs undergoing diagnostic bronchoscopy compared to a traditional oxygen supplementation method (TOT).

Evaluation of the parasympathetic tone activity (PTA) for posttraumatic pain assessment in awake dogs before orthopaedic surgery - A prospective non-randomised clinical study.

Study Design: A prospective non-randomised clinical study.

Animals: A study group with 18 posttraumatic dogs before surgery and a control group with nine healthy dogs.

Methods: Two different examiners evaluated the pain using two multidimensional pain scales (the Canine Acute Pain Scale of the Colorado State University (CSU-CAPS) and the Modified Glasgow Pain Scale (MGPS)) before the administration of methadone.

Exposure levels of animal allergens, endotoxin, and β-(1,3)-glucan on a university campus of veterinary medicine.

Objectives: The study aimed to determine the allergen, endotoxin and β-(1,3)-glucan concentrations at various areas on a university campus of veterinary medicine.

Methods: Dust samples were collected four times a year for three years using electrostatic dust collectors (EDC) at 25 different locations on a campus of veterinary medicine and in laboratories of inorganic chemistry as a control area representing animal-free environment. Major animal allergens from dog, cat, horse, cattle and mouse, domestic mite (DM) allergens, and β-(1,3)-glucan were measured using enzyme immunoassays and endotoxin using the limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay.

The presence of cerebellar B cell aggregates is associated with a specific chemokine profile in the cerebrospinal fluid in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis.

Background: The presence of meningeal ectopic lymphoid structures (ELS) in a subgroup of patients diagnosed with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) corresponds to a pronounced cortical inflammation and an aggravated disease course. In MP4-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS), B cell aggregates develop in the central nervous system (CNS) in the chronic stage of the disease. Therefore, the model is suitable for studying key molecules of ELS development and maintenance.

Insights into the Black Box of Intra-Amniotic Infection and Its Impact on the Premature Lung: From Clinical and Preclinical Perspectives.

Intra-amniotic infection (IAI) is one major driver for preterm birth and has been demonstrated by clinical studies to exert both beneficial and injurious effects on the premature lung, possibly due to heterogeneity in the microbial type, timing, and severity of IAI. Due to the inaccessibility of the intra-amniotic cavity during pregnancies, preclinical animal models investigating pulmonary consequences of IAI are indispensable to elucidate the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). It is postulated that on one hand imbalanced inflammation, orchestrated by lung immune cells such as macrophages, may impact on airway epithelium, vascular endothelium, and interstitial mesenchyme, resulting in abnormal lung development.

Cloning and Functional Characterization of Dog OCT1 and OCT2: Another Step in Exploring Species Differences in Organic Cation Transporters.

OCT1 and OCT2 are polyspecific membrane transporters that are involved in hepatic and renal drug clearance in humans and mice. In this study, we cloned dog OCT1 and OCT2 and compared their function to the human and mouse orthologs. We used liver and kidney RNA to clone dog OCT1 and OCT2.

Effects of a Fully Humanized Type II Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibody on Peripheral and CNS B Cells in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis.

Successful therapy with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has reinforced the key role of B cells in the immunopathology of multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aimed to determine the effects of a novel class of anti-CD20 mAbs on vascular and extravascular central nervous system (CNS)-infiltrating B cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. Male hCD20xhIgR3 mice and wild-type C57BL/6 (B6) mice were immunized with human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) to induce EAE.

Antibody cross-reactivity between casein and myelin-associated glycoprotein results in central nervous system demyelination.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with a high socioeconomic relevance. The pathophysiology of MS, which is both complex and incompletely understood, is believed to be influenced by various environmental determinants, including diet. Since the 1990s, a correlation between the consumption of bovine milk products and MS prevalence has been debated.

Injectable Anesthesia With Medetomidine, Ketamine, and Butorphanol in Captive Humboldt Penguins ().

The effects of an injectable anesthesia with 0.05 mg/kg medetomidine, 5 mg/kg ketamine, and 0.5 mg/kg butorphanol administered together intramuscularly were evaluated in 22 captive Humboldt penguins (, 10 male and 12 female), with a mean age of 8.

Mice Heterozygous for the Sodium Channel Scn8a (Nav1.6) Have Reduced Inflammatory Responses During EAE and Following LPS Challenge.

Voltage gated sodium (Nav) channels contribute to axonal damage following demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a rodent model of multiple sclerosis (MS). The Nav1.6 isoform has been implicated as a primary contributor in this process.

B-Cell Activity Predicts Response to Glatiramer Acetate and Interferon in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis.

Objective: We investigated the predictive value of the enzyme-linked immunospot technique (ELISPOT) in identifying patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) who will respond to treatment with glatiramer acetate (GA) or interferon-β (IFN-β), based on the brain-reactive B-cell activity of peripheral blood cells.

Methods: In this retrospective, cross-sectional, real-world multicenter study, we identified patients with RRMS in the NeuroTransData MS registry and stratified them based on their documented treatment response (relapse-free in the first 12 months of treatment) to GA or IFN-β. The GA group comprised 73 patients who responded to GA and 35 nonresponders.

Obinutuzumab-Induced B Cell Depletion Reduces Spinal Cord Pathology in a CD20 Double Transgenic Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis.

B cell-depleting therapies have recently proven to be clinically highly successful in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aimed to determine the effects of the novel type II anti-human CD20 (huCD20) monoclonal antibody (mAb) obinutuzumab (OBZ) on spinal cord degeneration in a B cell-dependent mouse model of MS. Double transgenic huCD20xHIGR3 (CD20dbtg) mice, which express human CD20, were immunised with the myelin fusion protein MP4 to induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).

[Urethrolithiasis in the dog - a retrospective evaluation of 83 male dogs].

Objective: Urethral calculi are a frequent cause of urinary disorders in male dogs. The aim of this study was to evaluate male dogs with urethral stones, which were relocated into the urinary bladder with the support of standardized epidural anesthesia in addition to general anesthesia.

Materials And Methods: Data of 83 male dogs with urethral calculi were evaluated regarding clinical signs, localization and number of urethral calculi, diagnostic imaging, surgical procedure and postoperative radiographs.

Nav1.6 promotes inflammation and neuronal degeneration in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis.

Background: In multiple sclerosis (MS) and in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS, the Nav1.6 voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channel isoform has been implicated as a primary contributor to axonal degeneration. Following demyelination Nav1.

Characterization of blood-brain barrier integrity in a B-cell-dependent mouse model of multiple sclerosis.

Recent studies with B-cell-depleting antibodies have demonstrated clinical success in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. While these antibodies efficiently target B cells in the blood, it is unclear how effective they are in the central nervous system (CNS), especially in the context of limited blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and the ongoing discussion on the relevance of B-cell aggregate formation in the brains of SP-MS patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate BBB integrity in the context of B-cell-dependent neuroinflammation in a mouse model of MS.

Sevoflurane posttreatment prevents oxidative and inflammatory injury in ventilator-induced lung injury.

Mechanical ventilation is a life-saving clinical treatment but it can induce or aggravate lung injury. New therapeutic strategies, aimed at reducing the negative effects of mechanical ventilation such as excessive production of reactive oxygen species, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and transmigration as well as activation of neutrophil cells, are needed to improve the clinical outcome of ventilated patients. Though the inhaled anesthetic sevoflurane is known to exert organ-protective effects, little is known about the potential of sevoflurane therapy in ventilator-induced lung injury.

Repeated anaesthesia with isoflurane and medetomidine-midazolam-fentanyl in guinea pigs and its influence on physiological parameters.

Repeated anaesthesia may be required in experimental protocols and in daily veterinary practice, but anaesthesia is known to alter physiological parameters in GPs (Cavia porcellus, GPs). This study investigated the effects of repeated anaesthesia with either medetomidine-midazolam-fentanyl (MMF) or isoflurane (Iso) on physiological parameters in the GP. Twelve GPs were repeatedly administered with MMF or Iso in two anaesthesia sets.

[Pain therapy in small pets].

Although many advances in pain therapy have been made in recent years, pain therapy is more difficult in the small domestic animal than in cats and dogs. However, there is the ethical obligation that these animals also receive adequate pain therapy. An analgesic is rarely authorized for use in small pets, with pharmacological investigations often lacking and dosages frequently only determined empirically.

Comparison of Physiological Parameters and Anaesthesia Specific Observations during Isoflurane, Ketamine-Xylazine or Medetomidine-Midazolam-Fentanyl Anaesthesia in Male Guinea Pigs.

Guinea pigs (GPs) are difficult to anaesthetize successfully, the choices for anaesthesia are limited and physiological parameters are likely to be influenced substantially under anaesthesia. We implanted blood pressure radio-telemetry devices into 16 male GPs and subjected them to anaesthesia with ketamine-xylazine (KX), medetomidine-midazolam-fentanyl (MMF) or isoflurane (Iso, plus atropine premedication) in a randomized order with a 7 day interval between anaesthesias. Each anaesthesia lasted 40min, after which Iso was discontinued, MMF was fully antagonized with atipamezole-flumazenil-naloxone and KX was partially antagonized with atipamezole.

Successful implantation of an abdominal aortic blood pressure transducer and radio-telemetry transmitter in guinea pigs - Anaesthesia, analgesic management and surgical methods, and their influence on hemodynamic parameters and body temperature.

Introduction: Guinea pigs (GPs) are a valuable cardiovascular pharmacology model. Implantation of a radio-telemetry system into GPs is, however, challenging and has been associated with a high failure rate in the past. We provide information on a novel procedure for implanting telemetry devices into GPs and we have measured the hemodynamics (arterial blood pressure, BP and heart rate, HR) and core body temperature (BT) in the 24h after surgery.

Differential effects of platelets and platelet inhibition by ticagrelor on TLR2- and TLR4-mediated inflammatory responses.

Platelets and platelet-monocyte interaction play an important role in inflammation. Both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of platelet inhibition have been reported in animal models. This study aimed to investigate the effect of platelets and platelet inhibition by the new P2Y12 receptor antagonist ticagrelor on monocyte function, as assessed by cytokine responses to Toll-like Receptor (TLR) ligands.

Influence of repeated anaesthesia on physiological parameters in male Wistar rats: a telemetric study about isoflurane, ketamine-xylazine and a combination of medetomidine, midazolam and fentanyl.

Background: This study evaluated the influence of repeated anaesthesia using isoflurane (ISO, 2-3 Vol%), ketamine-xylazine (KX, 100 mg·kg(-1) + 5 mg·kg(-1), i.m.) or a combination of medetomidine-midazolam-fentanyl (MMF, 0.

Decreased whole blood RNA expression of cathelicidin in HIV-infected heroin users in Bandung, Indonesia.

Unlabelled: The antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin is critical in killing pathogens by innate immune cells, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Candida albicans. These pathogens often cause infections in opioid users, a risk that is greatly increased with concurrent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Therefore, we examined the association between opioid use and cathelicidin in HIV-infected subjects from Bandung, Indonesia.

Effects of isoflurane, ketamine-xylazine and a combination of medetomidine, midazolam and fentanyl on physiological variables continuously measured by telemetry in Wistar rats.

Background: This study investigated effects on cardiovascular parameters during anaesthesia with isoflurane (ISO, 2-3 Vol%), ketamine-xylazine (KX, 100 mg•kg(-1) + 5 mg•kg(-1)) or a combination of medetomidine-midazolam-fentanyl (MMF, 0.15 mg•kg(-1) + 2.0 mg•kg(-1) + 0.