Low-carbon transition of China's monocrystalline module and its global contributions.

Although photovoltaic (PV) power is widely viewed as a zero-carbon solution, its upstream module production remains highly carbon-intensive. Existing studies often fail to capture supply chain heterogeneity and spatial differences in production, limiting assessments of the sector's low-carbon transition. This study conducted a carbon footprint analysis of monocrystalline modules manufactured in China from 2008 to 2023, incorporating refined data for supplier-specific configurations and province-level electricity carbon intensity.