Diagnostic reference levels for dental cone-beam computed tomography: current state and way forward.

This study provides a comprehensive overview of Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs) for dental Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT), addressing the current variability and challenges associated with their implementation. Data were collected through a survey conducted among members of the Dental Imaging Special Interest Group of the European Federation of Organizations for Medical Physics, encompassing 33 countries, not limited to Europe. The focus was on official DRL documentation issued by regulatory or authorized bodies and peer-reviewed publications based on data from more than ten CBCT units.

Effectiveness of Mixed Reality in Oral Surgery Training: A Systematic Review.

Background: Advancements in virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies have the potential to revolutionize surgical training in oral (OS) and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS). This review aims to discuss the current state of VR and AR applications in surgical training, as well as their impact on education and skills acquisition.

Methods: Main search terms used in combination: student, education, training, VR, AR, OS, OMFS, oral surgeon, and maxillofacial surgeon.

Evaluating dental AI research papers: Key considerations for editors and reviewers.

Objective: Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used in dental research for diagnosis, treatment planning, and disease prediction. However, many dental AI studies lack methodological rigor, transparency, or reproducibility, and no dedicated peer-review guidance exists for this field.

Methods: Editors and reviewers from the ITU/WHO/WIPO AI for Health - Dentistry group participated in a structured survey and group discussions to identify key elements for reviewing AI dental research.

Expression of Metallic Artifacts Caused by Intracanal Medications with Different Chemical Compositions in Cone Beam Computed Tomography Images.

: Evaluation of artifact expression in CBCT images caused by different intracanal medications (IMs) considering variations in scanning and reconstruction protocols. Reconstruction protocols refer to the specific parameters and image processing techniques applied during CBCT acquisition, including voxel size, slice thickness, and artifact reduction settings. MicroCT was used as the reference standard.

Patient perceptions of artificial intelligence in dental imaging diagnostics: a multicentre survey.

Objectives: To evaluate patients' perceptions of the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in dental imaging diagnostics across 6 centres worldwide, hereby named according to their respective cities: Ribeirão Preto (Brazil), Aarhus (Denmark), Lyon (France), Tromsø (Norway), Porto (Portugal), Louisville (USA).

Methods: A survey was administered at each centre, focusing on patient attitudes and beliefs regarding AI in dental imaging diagnostics. The survey comprised 16 statements rated on a Likert scale, patient characteristics, and an optional comment section.

An Explainable and Conformal AI Model to Detect Temporomandibular Joint Involvement in Children Suffering from Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis.

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common rheumatic disease during childhood and adolescence. The temporomandibular joints (TMJ) are among the most frequently affected joints in patients with JIA, and mandibular growth is especially vulnerable to arthritic changes of the TMJ in children. A clinical examination is the most cost-effective method to diagnose TMJ involvement, but clinicians find it difficult to interpret and inaccurate when used only on clinical examinations.

Pano-GAN: A Deep Generative Model for Panoramic Dental Radiographs.

This paper presents the development of a generative adversarial network (GAN) for the generation of synthetic dental panoramic radiographs. While this is an exploratory study, the ultimate aim is to address the scarcity of data in dental research and education. A deep convolutional GAN (DCGAN) with the Wasserstein loss and a gradient penalty (WGAN-GP) was trained on a dataset of 2322 radiographs of varying quality.

Converting dose-area product to effective dose in dental cone-beam computed tomography using organ-specific deep learning.

Objective: To develop an accurate method for converting dose-area product (DAP) to patient dose for dental cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) using deep learning.

Methods: A total of 24 384 CBCT exposures of an adult phantom were simulated with PCXMC 2.0, using permutations of tube voltage, filtration, source-isocenter distance, beam width/height, and isocenter position.

Comparison of deep learning models to detect crossbites on 2D intraoral photographs.

Background: To support dentists with limited experience, this study trained and compared six convolutional neural networks to detect crossbites and classify non-crossbite, frontal, and lateral crossbites using 2D intraoral photographs.

Methods: Based on 676 photographs from 311 orthodontic patients, six convolutional neural network models were trained and compared to classify (1) non-crossbite vs. crossbite and (2) non-crossbite vs.

Assessment of cone-beam CT technical image quality indicators and radiation dose for optimal STL model used in visual surgical planning.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) protocols that offer an optimal balance between effective dose (ED) and 3D model for orthognathic virtual surgery planning, using CT as a reference, and to assess whether such protocols can be defined based on technical image quality metrics.

Methods: Eleven CBCT (VISO G7, Planmeca Oy, Helsinki, Finland) scan protocols were selected out of 32 candidate protocols, based on ED and technical image quality measurements. Next, an anthropomorphic RANDO SK150 phantom was scanned using these 11 CBCT protocols and 2 CT scanners for bone quantity assessments.

Effect of metal artefact reduction level on the assessment of dental implant positioning by cone-beam computed tomography.

Objectives: This study evaluated the effect of metal artefact reduction (MAR) level and tube current on the assessment of dental implant positioning relative to the mandibular canal (MC) through cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Methods: Titanium dental implants were placed in dried mandibles at 0.5-mm superior to the MC (group 1/n = 8) and 0.

Assessment of the root filling volume in C-shaped root canal on cone-beam CT and micro-CT in relation to nano-CT.

Aim: To assess the observed volume of filled C-shaped root canals from different CBCT and micro-CT having nano-CT as a reference.

Materials And Methods: Twelve extracted mandibular molars with C-shaped root canals were endodontically treated using Reciproc Blue R25 (VDW GMBH, Munich, Germany) in a reciprocating system and filled with gutta-percha (Dentsply Maillefer) and AH Plus sealer (Dentsply DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany). CBCT scans were performed using 3 units-3D Accuitomo 170 (J.

Accuracy of Intra-Oral Radiography and Cone Beam Computed Tomography in the Diagnosis of Buccal Bone Loss.

Background: The use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in dentistry started in the maxillofacial field, where it was used for complex and comprehensive treatment planning. Due to the use of reduced radiation dose compared to a computed tomography (CT) scan, CBCT has become a frequently used diagnostic tool in dental practice. However, published data on the accuracy of CBCT in the diagnosis of buccal bone level is lacking.

Evaluation of 2- and 3-dimensional anatomic parameters of C-shaped root canals with cone beam computed tomography, microcomputed tomography, and nanocomputed tomography.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate 2-dimensional (2D) and 3D morphometric parameters of C-shaped root canals on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and microcomputed tomography (microCT) images using nanocomputed tomography (nanoCT) as the reference standard.

Study Design: Sixty mandibular molars with C-shaped canals were individually scanned using nanoCT and microCT. Cone beam computed tomography acquisitions were then performed with 4 CBCT systems, using high and standard resolutions.

A new formula for converting dose-area product to effective dose in dental cone-beam computed tomography.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine a dedicated conversion formula between dose-area product (DAP) and effective dose (E) for dental CBCT, which incorporates X-ray beam energy as well as geometric factors.

Methods: CBCT exposures of an adult phantom were simulated using PCXMC 2.0 (STUK, Finland).

European survey on the use of patient contact shielding during radiological examinations.

Objectives: Contact shielding (CS) of patients during X-ray studies has been used for decades to protect radiosensitive organs. This practice has not changed much despite increasing evidence that CS is not useful in many cases. The Gonad And Patient Shielding (GAPS) group-founded by representatives of the main European bodies involved in radiology-promoted this survey to assess the current practice of CS among European radiology departments and the attitude towards a non-shielding policy.

Influence of metal artefact reduction on the diagnosis of contact between implant and mandibular canal in cone beam computed tomography: An ex-vivo study.

Objective: To evaluate the influence of metal artefact reduction (MAR) in the diagnosis of dental implant contact with the mandibular canal (MC) using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Methods: Dental implants were installed with surgical guides in the posterior hemiarches of 10 dry human mandibles: 0.5 mm above to the MC cortex (G1/n = 8) and 0.

Image quality for visualization of cracks and fine endodontic structures using 10 CBCT devices with various scanning protocols and artefact conditions.

The aim of this study was to evaluate CBCT exposure protocols and CBCT devices in terms of image quality for the detection of cracks and fine endodontic structures using 3 conditions of metallic artifacts. An anthropomorphic phantom containing teeth with cracks, isthmus, narrow canal, and apical delta was scanned using ten CBCT devices. A reference industrial CT image was used to detect and measure all structures.

As low as diagnostically acceptable dose imaging in maxillofacial trauma: a reference quality approach.

Objectives: As-low-as-diagnostically-acceptable (ALADA) doses are substantially lower than current diagnostic reference levels. To improve dose management, a reference quality approach was tested in which phantom quality metrics of a clinical ALADA dose reference protocol were used to benchmark potential ALADA dose protocols for various scanner models.

Methods: Spatial resolution, contrast resolution, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and subjective noise and sharpness were evaluated for a clinical ALADA dose reference protocol at 80 kV and 40 mA (CTDIvol 2.

How Does Ambient Light Affect the Image Quality of Phosphor Plate Digital Radiography? A Quantitative Analysis Using Contemporary Digital Radiographic Systems.

The aim of this study is to quantitatively evaluate the influence of the duration of ambient light exposure on the image quality of digital radiographs obtained with contemporary phosphor plate (PSP)-based systems. Radiographs of an aluminum step-wedge were obtained using VistaScan and Express systems at five X-ray exposure times: 0.10, 0.

CBCT-based assessment of root canal treatment using micro-CT reference images.

Purpose: This study compared the root canal anatomy between cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) images before and after biomechanical preparation and root canal filling.

Materials And Methods: Isthmus-containing mesial roots of mandibular molars (n=14) were scanned by micro-CT and 3 CBCT devices: 3D Accuitomo 170 (ACC), NewTom 5G (N5G) and NewTom VGi evo (NEVO). Two calibrated observers evaluated the images for 2-dimensional quantitative parameters, the presence of debris or root perforation, and filling quality in the root canal and isthmus.

Influence of head positioning during cone-beam CT imaging on the accuracy of virtual 3D models.

Objective: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images are being increasingly used to acquire three-dimensional (3D) models of the skull for additive manufacturing purposes. However, the accuracy of such models remains a challenge, especially in the orbital area. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of four different CBCT imaging positions on the accuracy of the resulting 3D models in the orbital area.

A review on the application of deep learning for CT reconstruction, bone segmentation and surgical planning in oral and maxillofacial surgery.

Computer-assisted surgery (CAS) allows clinicians to personalize treatments and surgical interventions and has therefore become an increasingly popular treatment modality in maxillofacial surgery. The current maxillofacial CAS consists of three main steps: (1) CT image reconstruction, (2) bone segmentation, and (3) surgical planning. However, each of these three steps can introduce errors that can heavily affect the treatment outcome.